Facade Construction Manual PDF

Preview

Summary

Facade Construction Manual HERZOG KRIPPNER LANG BIRKHÄUSER – PUBLISHERS FOR ARCHITECTURE BASEL · BOSTON · BERLIN EDITION DETAIL MUNICH This book was produced at the Institute for Design and Building Specialist articles: Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Chair of Building Technology, Munich Techn...

Description

Facade Construction Manual HERZOG KRIPPNER LANG

BIRKHÄUSER – PUBLISHERS FOR ARCHITECTURE BASEL · BOSTON · BERLIN EDITION DETAIL MUNICH

This book was produced at the Institute for Design and Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Chair of Building Technology, Munich Technical University www.gt.ar.tum.de

Specialist articles: Winfried Heusler, Dr.-Ing. (Planning advice for the performance of the facade) Director, Objekt-Engineering International, Bielefeld

Author Thomas Herzog Prof., Dr. (Rome University), Dipl.-Ing. Architect Chair of Building Technology, Munich Technical University Co-authors: Roland Krippner Dr.-Ing. Architect (Dimensional coordination; Concrete; Solar energy) Werner Lang Dr.-Ing., M.Arch. (UCLA) Architect (Glass; Plastics; The glass double facade) Scientific assistants: Peter Bonfig, Dipl.-Ing. Architect (The structural principles of surfaces) Jan Cremers, Dipl.-Ing. Architect (Internal and external conditions; Metal) András Reith, M.Sc.Arch. (Budapest University), guest scientist (Stone; Clay) Annegret Rieger, M.Arch. (Harvard University) Architect (organisational coordination; Timber) Daniel Westenberger, Dipl.-Ing. Architect (Edges, openings; Manipulators) Student assistants: Tina Baierl, Sebastian Fiedler, Elisabeth Walch, Xaver Wankerl

Editors Editorial services: Steffi Lenzen, Dipl.-Ing. Architect Editorial assistants: Christine Fritzenwallner, Dipl.-Ing. Susanne Bender-Grotzeck, Dipl.-Ing.; Carola Jacob-Ritz, M.A.; Christina Reinhard, Dipl.-Ing.; Friedemann Zeitler, Dipl.-Ing.; Christos Chantzaras, Manuel Zoller Drawings: Marion Griese, Dipl.-Ing. Elisabeth Krammer, Dipl.-Ing. Drawing assistants: Bettina Brecht, Dipl.-Ing.; Norbert Graeser, Dipl.-Ing.; Christiane Haslberger, Dipl.-Ing.; Oliver Klein, Dipl.-Ing.; Emese Köszegi, Dipl.-Ing.; Andrea Saiko, Dipl.-Ing.; Beate Stingl, Dipl.-Ing.; Claudia Toepsch, Dipl.-Ing. Translation into English: Gerd H. Söffker and Philip Thrift, Hannover

Michael Volz, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Architect (Timber) Frankfurt am Main Polytechnic

Consultants: Gerhard Hausladen, O. Prof. Dr.-Ing. (Edges, openings) Institute for Design and Building Technology, Chair of Building Climate and Building Services, Munich Technical University Stefan Heeß, Dipl.-Ing. (Concrete) Dyckerhoff Weiss, Wiesbaden Reiner Letsch, Dr.-Ing. M.Sc. (Plastics) Chair of Building Materials and Materials Testing, Munich Technical University Volker Wittwer, Dr. (Solar energy) Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Freiburg

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the right of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in databases. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. This book is also available in a German language edition (ISBN 3-7643-7031-9). Editor: Institut für Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, Munich http://www.detail.de

© 2004, English translation of the 1st German edition Birkhäuser – Publisher for Architecture, P.O. Box 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland Part of Springer Science+Business Media Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF ∞ Printed in Germany

DTP & production: Peter Gensmantel, Cornelia Kohn, Andrea Linke, Roswitha Siegler Reproduction: Karl Dörfel Reproduktions-GmbH, Munich

ISBN 3-7643-7109-9 987654321 http://www.birkhauser.ch

Printing and binding: Kösel GmbH & Co. KG, Altusried-Krugzell

4

Contents

Contents Preface

5 6

Envelope, wall, facade – an essay

8

Part A

Fundamentals

1

Internal and external conditions

2

General design principles

3

26 38 46

Planning advice for the performance of the facade

52

Case studies in detail

60

Facade materials 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

2

18

2.1 The structural principles of surfaces 2.2 Edges, openings 2.3 Dimensional coordination

Part B 1

16

Natural stone Clay Concrete Timber Metal Glass Plastics

62 82 100 124 154 182 210

Special topics 2.1 The glass double facade 2.2 Manipulators 2.3 Solar energy

Part C

232 258 286

Appendix

Statutory instruments, directives, standards Picture credits Index of names Subject index

312 314 317 318

5

Preface

This construction manual dealing with facades comes some 30 years after the publication of the first construction manual. For centuries architects focussed their artistic skills on the creation of a successful external appearance for their structures. This was often the subject of intense controversy surrounding the style to be chosen, but was also exploited as a medium for conveying new artistic stances. The fact that facades are again becoming a subject for discussion is no doubt due to the growing importance of the building envelope with respect to energy consumption and options for exploiting natural forms of energy. In addition – and usually contrasting with this – there is also the search for the self-expression and “location marketing” of those clients whose “packaging” of their often trivial interiors has long since become a substitute for good, quality architecture. The booming cities of Asia demonstrate this only too clearly. The layout of this book and the sequence of the various chapters are based on a discerning approach to designing and developing a facade construction. Those aspects generally relevant to the building envelope, i.e., the requirements they have to satisfy, their principal functions or their structural form, are treated separately from the special circumstances of individual cases. Accordingly, this is not just a compendium of different buildings in terms of location and context, genre and technology. Instead, features are sorted according to the different materials used for the envelope or its cladding. The first part of this book deals with the requirements placed on a facade as a result of internal needs, depending on the use of the building. Inevitably, these have to face up to very diverse local climatic conditions, which vary from region to region. This juxtaposition gives rise to the functional requirements placed on the respective envelopes. This collection of requirements then becomes the architect’s brief and is initially open to a number of solutions. Construction details are for this reason not legitimate in this part of the book. The criteria

6

are presented in pictorial form by way of diagrams and schematic graphics showing the morphology of surfaces and openings. Furthermore, there is a direct interaction between the building envelope and the other subsystems: loadbearing structure, interior layout and building services. The interrelationships present or to be defined must be geometrically coordinated in three dimensions in every construction system. The dimensional and modular conditions and the proportions must be clarified so that the building can evolve as a unified, overall concept. Once we combine the aforementioned aspects, we create the boundary conditions for a practical realisation based on the materials and methods of construction available to us. If the materials and the technologies required for their production now become the criteria for the elaboration of further details, then the parameters in terms of physics, materials, erection requirements and aesthetics have to be harmonised with each other. The layout of the second part of the book is based on these interrelationships. Again, there are separate chapters covering general aspects preceding the examples. Each of these chapters begins with a brief history of humanity’s use of the respective materials, and their properties. The use of the materials is initially not limited to buildings for the simple reason that as civilisation evolved, so technologies developed in different ways through the interplay with the materials, and the first applications were often in totally different fields. The significance of stone, ceramics and metal, for instance, was so great that they gave their names to entire cultural epochs. Even today, a large share of technical innovation in building, and particularly in modern facade design, is due to technology transfer from completely unrelated sectors. This is true for many areas, such as forming technology, surface treatments, robots. A selection of built examples related to the respective material follows each introductory chapter. The idea behind this is to provide an insight into the scope of possibilities and to serve as inspiration for further ideas. We have

employed drawings of the principal facade details ex-plained by way of legends because this is the medium normally used by architects to convey information. We have selected new projects that exhibit interesting facade configurations and also “classics” whose architectural qualities still set standards. Furthermore – also in conjunction with projects within existing, older buildings – some of the details may well be of great practical value to architects and engineers. Each example concentrates on the facade and not the building as a whole. This is why, apart from the architects, other collaborators on the projects are mentioned only rarely, and specialist engineers only when they made a particular contribution to the facade construction. When looking at the construction details the reader will sometimes notice approaches differing from those normally employed in Germany, or from the German codes and standards. The authors consider this to be justified in a book containing international examples. For those readers wishing to find out more about a particular project, we have included references to other publications, as indicated by the symbol º. It is certainly possible to regard buildings – even when they are major technical accomplishments – not as perplexing, possibly even hardly manageable systems comprising many different components, but rather, tersely and simply, as equal measures of powerful and sensitive design. However, the developments of recent decades, with the enormous increase in the requirements placed on the building envelope, have resulted in multiple layer constructions in which every single layer has to perform specific functions. In the meantime, this has become a common feature of modern building for most materials. This led us to include special topics of facade design beyond those related just to the materials.

The chapter entitled “Manipulators” takes a new look at the centuries-old principle of varying and individually regulating the “permeability” of openings in the facade – whether for reasons of energy economy, the interior climate, lighting or security – based on new requirements and new ideas. In our opinion the widespread use of multiple layers and double-leaf facades over the last ten years warrants separate treatment because there is still great uncertainty about their use among architects and engineers, who often feel the need to follow the fashion instead of allowing the advantages of these concepts to be fully and properly utilised. This frequently results in fundamental errors, because the relationships in terms of construction and energy economy as well as the individual variations available for this type of design are not fully appreciated. The integration of direct and indirect solar systems into the building envelope is still new territory for many in the construction industry. The happy co-existence of serviceability, technical and physical functions, and mastery of architectural and engineering requirements is still the exception, even though the first pioneering applications were built many decades ago. We would like to thank all those persons, institutions, architects, photographers and companies whose competent assistance has helped us to produce this book. Munich, spring 2004 Thomas Herzog

7

Envelope, wall, facade

Envelope, wall, facade – an essay

This book about the construction of facades concentrates mainly on the functional and technical aspects. Nevertheless, before we start, it is worth taking a moment to look beyond those aspects and consider this very complex, culture-related subject in other contexts, at least briefly. For this subject also concerns our direct perception of architecture. The protective envelope The building envelope, as it provides protection against the weather and against enemies, and for storage provisions, represents the primary and most important reason for building. In contrast to structures such as bridges, towers, dams or cranes, buildings contain rooms whose creation and utilisation must be regarded as intrinsic elements of human civilisation, closely linked with the necessities forced upon us by climate.

2

This is clear when we consider that building work is reduced to a minimum in those regions where the external climatic conditions essentially match the ambient conditions we humans find comfortable. However, the greater the difference between exterior climate and interior conditions, the greater is the technical undertaking required to create the conditions necessary for occupying the interior. For much of history, therefore, people have searched for suitable, ready-made natural shelters for themselves and their animals. These included, for example, holes in the ground, caves in the rock or very dense vegetation. In other words, sheltered places where the conditions were conducive to survival (fig. 2). As humans changed from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle, people built their own shelters using the materials at hand in conjunction with appropriate building processes. Roofs and external walls were born. The outside surfaces of these human-made shelters became important because they had to fulfil numerous functions, the most important of which was protection from the weather (fig. 3). The mass of stone or earth surrounding natural holes and caves was reduced to a relatively thin skin in these human-made structures. The building now had an inside and an outside.

1 Moldavian monastery, Sucevita (RO), 16th century

The components of the term “external wall” designate both the location, i.e., “external”, and the character of this construction “subsystem”, i.e., the “wall”. However, throughout the history of building – at any rate into the 20th century – the vast majority of walls constituted not only an enclosure but also a significant part of the loadbearing structure. (They transfer the imposed loads, their self-weight, the dead loads of the floors they support and the wind loads – via the stiffening effect of their massive construction – down to the foundations.) We therefore associate the term “wall”, especially

3 2 Cave dwelling 3 External wall made from local natural stone, Auvergne (F)

the external wall, with stability, robustness, mostly heavyweight construction, indeed even unfriendliness, the demarcation between private and public. In this way, the external wall is a primary factor determining the nature of the building with respect to its surroundings. The outer surface now provided an additional communication medium, complementing the inner surfaces, which had long been used as the main medium of communication (e.g., cave paintings). From now on the outer surface would serve as a “hoarding” for secular and sacred social structures, and for conveying hierarchies of values and claims to power.

9

Envelope, wall, facade

Materials and construction The space created within the external walls now had to fulfil demands and functions concerning usage and comfort. In order to accomplish this, the local conditions and the users’ requirements had to be established in more detail, manipulated and then fulfilled by means of a suitable construction. The technical solution grows out of the context of materials, construction, jointing, sequence of production, and also the demands due to gravity plus other internal and external physical influences and circumstances. The outsides of buildings therefore reflect the technological progress of a region and hence a substantial part of the respective local culture.

4

The decision in favour of a certain material, for example, is based not purely on the loads and stresses resulting from internal or external actions, but is made rather with regard for the rules re-lated to the production process of the respective building envelope. Here, it is not just the individual utilisation requirements that determine the form of the facade. Instead, these requirements must always be considered in conjunction with the questions of jointing, the method of construction, and hence the technical realisation within an overall system of construction, the legitimacy of the materials and the geometrical order (fig. 4). Most importantly in this field, we have to see the professional competence of the architects in their role as “master builder”. They alone are aware of all the relationships and the multiple correlations within and between the composition of the architecture and the logic of the construction.

Form External walls are also customarily referred to as “facades”. Now, in contrast to the aforementioned fundamental functions of protection from weather and control of the interior climate, another aspect takes centre stage – that of the perception of the building by way of its “face”, derived in a roundabout way from the Latin facies via the French façade. What this means is something constructed, something that “looks onto” its surroundings, or rather is perceived from its surroundings as the prime and governing semantic message [1].

5

4 5 6 7 8

Farmhouse Museum, Amerang (D) Majolica frieze on the “Ospedale del Ceppo”, Pistoia (I) Alhambra, Granada (E) Cathedral, Lucca (I), (12th–15th) century Casa Batlló, Barcelona (E), 1906, Antoni Gaudí

10

Surfaces formed by humans have always served to convey information. This information has portrayed the things that governed social life, determined transcendental and religious visions, conveyed objectives and reports: praise to God, hunting or rituals, battles, weddings, wealth and death – all long before writing was available, as an abstract form of communication (fig. 5).

Envelope, wall, facade

The characteristics of external surfaces in terms of their pictorial effect should be regarded in a similar light to the aforementioned internal surfaces with respect to graphic features, textures, colouring, engraving and relief, combinations of information conveyed by means of materials, writing and pictures. Over the course of history the entire spectrum has been rendered visible – “the thrill of creation and the hideousness of death” [2]. Only humans create buildings with a differentiated “personal” form: Three-dimensional objects that can be perceived from the outside as a whole or as different components and which, in comparison to true wall surfaces, exhibit other features. For example, this is done by way of proportions in space, volumes, and both in relation to the existing environment. As walls became more differentiated thanks to the increasing refinement of the construction, so a similar effect was noticeable around the openings. Here too, function prevailed at first, with the engineering of s...