Field Density TEST BY SAND Replacement PDF

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SOIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ECG263 MARCH – JULY 2021 LECTURER

: SIR AMMINUDIN BIN AB LATIF

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT

: FIELD DENSITY TEST BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

DATE OF TESTING

: 14/4/2021

GROUP

: EC110 4B

GROUP MEMBERS 1. A’IN NUR ASYQIN BINTI MOHD ANUAR (2019220582) 2. MOHAMMAD AZHAD UKAIL BIN MAT NASIR (2019647054) 3. MUHAMMAD AMIRUL THAQIF BIN NORMAN (2019291846) 4. NUR ALYA ATHIRAH BINTI MUHAMAD FARIT (2019220294) LEVEL OF OPENESS : 0/1 CO-PO

Description

CO3

Perform teamwork skills in task related to soil engineering Function effectively as an individual, and as a member in diverse technical teams.

PO9

CONTENT / CRITERIA

AFFECTIVE DOMAIN

MARK

INTRODUCTION

A1

OBJECTIVE(S)

A2

PROCEDURE & METHODOLOGY

A3

RESULTS & ANALYSIS

A3

4

DISCUSSION

A4

4

CONCLUSION

A5 TOTAL MARKS

2 4 2

4

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1. INTRODUCTION The term "level 1 laboratory operation" refers to a situation in which the students are directed and given the problem and possible solutions. The solutions to the assignment, on the other hand, are left to the students to solve using their collective creativity and innovation. The activity is intended to gradually introduce and inculcate independent learning in students, preparing them for a much more difficult challenge of open-ended learning. A common measure of the amount of compaction achieved during construction is the dry density of compacted soil or pavement. The dry density is measured using the field density and moisture content. As a result, a field density test is important as a field control test for soil or some other pavement layer compaction. 2. OBJECTIVE To determine the dry density of soil.

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3. PROCEDURE & METHODOLOGY PART A: Calibration Test i.

Determine the density of sand to be use by using calibration cylinder.

ii.

Determine also the weight of cone that will produce under the pouring cylinder by determining the weight of that cone produce.

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PART B: Sampling for Bulk Density i. ii.

Cleaned the site and leveled using a scraper for an area of about 450 mm square. Placed the metal tray central hole on the prepared surface.

iii.

Using this central hole as pattern, the soil is excavated using a trowel up to a required depth and the loose soil is collected in the metal container and is weighed.

iv.

The sand pouring cylinder is refilled with sand and its weight is again.

v.

The metal tray with central hole is removed and the sand pouring cylinder is placed at the center on excavated hole.

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vi.

The shutter is opened till the sand fills the excavated hole and the cone completely until there is no any other movement of sand in the cylinder.

vii.

The shutter is closed, and the cylinder is weighed so that the weight of sand filling the excavated hole can be found.

viii.

The moisture content of the excavated soil can be calculated by taking a sample of soil from it in moisture content dish, weighed, dried in oven at 110 0C and re-weighing.

ix.

These steps are repeated three times and the average values will be the field density value of soil.

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4. RESULTS & ANALYSIS

Result from Calibration Cylinder. Volume of calibration cylinder (m³)

1.178 x 10-³

Mass of sand inside cylinder + cone sand (kg)

2.075

Mass of cone sand (kg)

0.494

Mass of sand inside cylinder (kg)

1.581

Density of pouring sand (kg/m³)

1.342x10³

Table 1 Calibration cylinder result

Field Result. Initial total mass of sand-pouring cylinder (kg)

9.375

Final total mass of sand-pouring cylinder (kg)

7.127

Mass of cone sand (kg)

0.494

Mass of soil removed from hole (kg)

1.985

Mass of soil after oven-dry (kg)

1.914

Moisture content of removed soil (%)

3.71

Table 2 Field test result

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Mass of sand inside cylinder (kg) = (𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 + 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅) − (𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅)

= 2.075 – 0.494 = 1.581 kg Density of pouring sand (kg/m³) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =

1.581 1.178𝑥10^−3

= 1.342x10^3 kg/m³ Moisture content of removed soil (%) = 𝑤−𝑑 𝑥 100% 𝑑 • •

=

(1.985−1.914) 1.914

w = wet weigh d = weight after drying

× 100

= 3.71%

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5. DISCUSSION Field test Mass of sand run out of cylinder (kg) = Initial mass of sand-pouring cylinder – Final mass of sand-pouring cylinder = 9.375 – 7.127 = 2.248 kg Mass of sand in cone (kg) = 1.581 kg Mass of sand in hole (kg) = Mass of sand run out of cylinder – Mass of sand in cone = 2.248 – 1.581 = 0.667 kg

Volume of hole (m³) = 𝑉 = =

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑

0.667 1.342 × 103

= 4.97 × 10−4 𝑚3

Bulk density, 𝝆𝒃 (Mg/𝒎𝟑) = 𝜌𝑏 = =

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒

1,985 × 103

4.97 × 10−4

= 3.993 Mg/𝑚3 Dry density, 𝝆𝒅 (Mg/𝒎𝟑) = 𝜌𝑑 = =

𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 1 + 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡

3.993 1+0.0371

= 3.850 Mg/𝑚3 7

In this report, the objective of this laboratory session has been achieved. The objective stated on how to determine moisture content, bulk density, and dry density of in situ soil from sand replacement method test. Sand replacement method test is also known as Sand Cone Method. The field density test of soil was conducted in the site field to know whether the specified compaction is achieved or not. Usually Sand Replacement Method is adopted for this purpose. The apparatus used in this field test consists of a sand-pouring cylinder, with pouring cone at its base. In between the cylinder and the cone, there was a shutter to control the sand from entering. The cylinder was first calibrated to determine the unit weight of sand. To get good results, the sand used should be uniform, dry, and clean passing a 1.0mm sieve. After the calibration of cylinder has been carried out, the data recorded was used to obtain the mass of sand inside cylinder and density of pouring sand. The mass of sand inside cylinder was 1.581kg which determined by subtracted the cone sand from the sand that came out of the pouring cylinder. Next, the density of pouring sand was 1.342 × 103 kg/m³ which obtained from divided the mass of sand inside cylinder from the volume of the calibrated cylinder. Once the data of the field test was recorded, the calculations to obtain the moisture content, bulk density, and dry density can be started. Begin with the mass of sand run out of cylinder which 2.248kg, it was determined by subtracted the final mass of sand-pouring cylinder from the initial mass of sand-pouring cylinder. Secondly, the mass of sand in hole was 0.667 kg which attained by subtracted the mass of cone sand from mass of sand ran out of cylinder. Thirdly, the volume of hole was 4.97 × 10−4 𝑚3 by divided the mass of sand in hole with density of pouring sand. The moisture content obtained from this field test was 3.71%. To get the bulk density of the soil which 3.993 Mg/𝑚3 , the mass of soil from hole was divided with the volume of hole. While the dry density of soil was obtained by divided bulk density with 1 plus the percentage of moisture content to put out the result as 3.850 Mg/𝑚3 . Therefore, once the test was completely done, make sure the apparatus used was kept clean. Furthermore, to prevent errors during the test conducted, make sure the sand used in this test was dry, the excavated soil should be collected as whole, and the sample collected for the determination of moisture content was preferably to be kept covered. Not to forget, the calibration of cylinder must be conducted first before starting the test.

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6. CONCLUSION In conclusion, from the test of determination of field density of sand replacement soil method is determine the in-situ density of compacted soil using a pouring cylinder. After conducting the test, the data obtained are used to determine the moisture content, bulk density, and dry density of soil. The probability of experimental error is in the progress of this experiment as example, if the amount of sand taken is less, the soil taken as a sample will not be enough to conduct this test. The excavated hole with a slightly different in depth and amount of soil contain impurities which may cause different densities.

7. REFERENCES 1. www.facebook.com/civilguides. “Field Density Test of Soil by Sand Replacement Method.” CivilSeek, 29 June 2018, civilseek.com/sandreplacement-method/. Accessed 9 May 2021. 2. https://www.facebook.com/iamcivilengineerdotcom. “Field Density Test Calculation – a Step by Step Guide - Definecivil.” Definecivil - Civil Engineering Website, 27 Aug. 2018, definecivil.com/field-density-testcalculations/. Accessed 9 May 2021.

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