Field Density Test (Sand Cone Method) PDF

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PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS (GRADING / SIEVE ANALYIS) – ASTM D422-63

TESTING PROCEDURE

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FIELD DENSITY TEST (SAND CONE METHOD) ASTM D1556- D1556M

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PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS (GRADING / SIEVE ANALYIS) – ASTM D422-63

TESTING PROCEDURE

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I SCOPE: This test method may be used to determine the in-place density and unit weight of soils using a sand cone apparatus. May also be used for the determination of the in-place density and unit weight of intact or in situ soils, provided the natural void or pore openings in the soil are small enough to prevent the sand used in the test from entering the voids. The soil or other material being tested should have sufficient cohesion or particle attraction to maintain stable sides on a small hole or excavation, and be firm enough to withstand the minor pressures exerted in digging the hole and placing the apparatus over it, without deforming or sloughing. II PURPOSE: This test method is used to determine the density and water content of compacted soils placed during the construction of earth embankments, road fill, and structural backfill. It often is used as a basis of acceptance for soils compacted to a specified density or percentage of a maximum density determined by a test method, such as Test Methods D698 or D1557. III STANDARD REFERENCE: ASTM D 1556 / 1556M - Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-Cone Method IV EQUIPMENT

Sand Cone

Base Plate

Sand Cone Density Sand

Hammer, Spatula, Chisel and Scraper

Balance

Moisture Can

PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS (GRADING / SIEVE ANALYIS) – ASTM D422-63

TESTING PROCEDURE

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V. TEST PROCEDURE FLOW CHART

START

Select a location/elevation that is representative of the area to be tested. Secure the base plate on the plane surface, make sure there is contact with the ground surface around the edge of the flanged center hole. Secure the plate against movement using nails pushed into the soil adjacent to the edge of the plate.

Dig the test hole through the center hole in the base plate at least 150 mm depth

Invert the sand-cone apparatus and put the sand-cone funnel into the flanged hole

Weigh and record the mass of the moist soil material that was removed from the test hole

Sampling of the recovered soil from the test hole.

Oven-dry the moisture can with the sample for at least 12

Follow Data Analysis

Compute the mass of water, (MCW) mass of can, wet soil – (MCD) mass of can, dry soil (MD) = mass of water (MW). Get the mass of (MC) moisture can in your record. Compute the

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PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS (GRADING / SIEVE ANALYIS) – ASTM D422-63

TESTING PROCEDURE

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Calculate weight of apparatus full of sand (M1) - weight of apparatus with remaining sand; (M2) - moist soil material that was removed from the test hole (TH1) to get the weight of sand in the hole; W1.

End

V TEST PROCEDURE

Calibration of sand cone apparatus 1. Fill the sand cone apparatus with sand (note: use only calibrated sand) 2. Weigh and record the mass of the apparatus filled with sand. 3. Place the base plate on a clean, level, plane surface. Invert the container/apparatus and seat the funnel in the flanged center hole in the base plate. Mark and identify the apparatus and base plate so that the same apparatus and plate can be matched and reseated in the same position during testing. 4. Open the valve until the sand flow stops, make sure the base plate, sand cone apparatus is not jarred or vibrated before closing the valve 5. Close the valve, remove the sand cone apparatus and determine the mass of the sand cone apparatus, record it. 6. Calculate the mass of sand used to fill the funnel and base plate.

mass of jar with sand −mass of jar with sand ( after pouring ) =sand ∈funnel Calibration of density sand 1. Fill the apparatus with the calibration sand and record the weight to the nearest 0.01 lb. 2. Place the base plate on the calibration container 3. Invert the apparatus on the base plate and open the valve to allow the calibration container and the large cone to fill with sand 4. Shut the valve on the apparatus and weigh the apparatus to the nearest 0.01 lb.

PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS (GRADING / SIEVE ANALYIS) – ASTM D422-63

TESTING PROCEDURE

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mass of jar with sand =bulk density of sand mass of jar Procedure 1. Inspect the cone apparatus for damage, free rotation of the valve, and properly matched baseplate. Fill the cone container with conditioned sand and determine the Weigh the mass by using weighing scale and record it name it (M1). 2. Select a location/elevation that is representative of the area to be tested. 3. Prepare the surface of the location to be tested, so that it is a level plane. The base plate may be used as a tool for striking off the surface to a smooth level plane. 4. Secure the base plate on the plane surface, make sure there is contact with the ground surface around the edge of the flanged center hole. Secure the plate against movement using nails pushed into the soil adjacent to the edge of the plate, or by other means, without disturbing the soil to be tested 5. Dig the test hole through the center hole in the base plate at least 150 mm depth, be careful to avoid disturbing or deforming the soil that will bound the hole. The sides of the hole should slope slightly inward and the bottom should be reasonably flat or concave. The hole should be kept as free as possible of pockets, overhangs, and sharp obtrusions since these affect the accuracy of the test. Soils that are essentially granular require extreme care and may require digging a conicalshaped test hole. Place all excavated soil in a moisture tight container that is marked to identify the test number. 6. Clean the flange of the base plate hole with paint brush, invert the sand-cone apparatus and put the sand-cone funnel into the flanged hole (see the illustration below). Eliminate or minimize vibrations in the test area. Open the valve and allow the sand to fill the hole, funnel, and base plate. Avoid jarring or vibrating the apparatus while the sand is running. When the sand stops flowing, close the valve

PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS (GRADING / SIEVE ANALYIS) – ASTM D422-63

TESTING PROCEDURE

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7. Weigh the sand cone apparatus with the remaining sand and record it name it (M2). 8. Weigh and record the mass of the moist soil material that was removed from the test hole and name it (TH1). At least 3 holes is required as per ASTM, name the 2 test holes (TH4) and (TH5). For the 2 remaining test hole repeat steps above. The letter and names used are for reference only you can you use what letters and names you want 9. Sampling of the recovered soil from the test hole. 9.1. Weigh moisture can and record it. 9.2. Put the recovered soil on a sampling pan. 9.3. Mix the material thoroughly, and obtain a representative specimen for water content determination and put it on the moisture can, or use the entire sample as per ASTM. 9.4. Weigh the moisture can with the sample inside and record it. 9.5. Repeat the steps for the 2 remaining recovered sample. 10. Oven-dry the moisture can with the sample for at least 12 hours at 60 degrees Celsius. 11. If number 10 is completed, weigh the sample and record it for computation. Data Analysis: Calculate the water content of the material removed from the test hole as follows:

1. Compute the mass of water, (MCW) mass of can, wet soil – (MCD) mass of can, dry soil (MD) = mass of water (MW).

MCW −MCD =MW 2. Get the mass of (MC) moisture can in your record. 3. Compute the mass of dry soil, mass of dry soil (MCD) mass of can, dry soil – (MC) moisture can = (MD) mass of dry soil.

MCD − MC = MD

4. Compute the water content, (MW) mass of water / (MD) mass of dry soil * 100 = (WC) water content.

MW ×100=WC MD 5. Repeat the steps for the 2 remaining sample, then average the 3 water content.

WC 1+WC 2+WC 3 =average water content (W ) 100

Note: mass of can, wet soil = moisture can with sample before oven-dried.

PARTICLE SIZE OF SOILS (GRADING / SIEVE ANALYIS) – ASTM D422-63

TESTING PROCEDURE

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mass of can, dry soil = moisture can with sample after oven-dried. – = subtract / = divide * = multiply

Calculate the dry mass of material removed from the test hole as follows: 1. Calculate weight of apparatus full of sand (M1) - weight of apparatus with remaining sand; (M2) - moist soil material that was removed from the test hole (TH1) to get the weight of sand in the hole; W1.

M 1−M 2−TH 1=W 1 2. To get the volume of the hole; moist soil material that was removed from the test hole (TH1) / bulk density of the sand in your calibration = volume of the hole (V1)

TH 1 =V 1 BULK DENSITY OFTHE SAND 3. To get the wet density: moist soil material that was removed from the test hole (TH1) / Volume of the hole (V1) = wet density (WD)

TH 1 =WD V1 4. To get the dry density; wet density (WD) / water content (WC) / 100 +1

WD =DD WC 1+ 100

5. To get the percent of the compaction; dry density / laboratory maximum dry density x 100

WD x 100= percent compaction Laboratory maximum dry density...