FINAL EXAM NOTES PDF

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Professor Carey O'Donnell...

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4.1 Supply Chain Management Systems Wikipedia, Supply Chain Management - What was this article about? - This article provides a basic understanding of what SCM systems are all about - Why should you care? - There is a tremendous amount of money to be saved or lost in your supply chain. This is true and becomes more complicated in a global economy. Organizations with well tuned supply chains will do well while others will struggle or fail. SCM systems can help you fine tune your supply chain Integrated Planning: Optimization for the entire internal supply chain - What was this article about? - This a short, information video which help you understand the internal supply chain including purchasing, manufacturing, distribution and sales - Why should you care? - The flow of information and products along this chain need to be coordinated in order to achieve business strategies. SCM systems provide this coordination. Supply chain futurists predict the impact of digital transformation - What was this article about? - SCM has been around for many years but has changed significantly in the digital economy. In this article some very bright people make their predictions on how it will change even further - Why should you care? - SCM, just like every other aspect of business, is in the process of being radically changed due to technology. Those who understand how technology is transforming business will be successful and those to do will suffer the consequences.

Questions - Who works for a company which manufactures a product? - What kind of product is it? - What stuff do you need to make your product? - Where do you get this stuff? - What happens if they run out of this stuff?

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How difficult is it to get the right product on the right shelf at the right time and the lowest possible cost? - Safety Stock- That’s the answer - People in order fulfillment see: boxes of things - Accounting see: money - The problem is that it’s depreciating constantly so they have to sell it at a discount SCM Architecture - SCM modules support two functions - Supply chain planning- development of resources plans to support productions

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Supply chain execution- efficient flow of products, information, and financing

Information Flow

Just-in-Time Manufacturing - What was this article about? - This article describes just-in-time manufacturing techniques, along with the pros and cons of using this technique - Why should you care?

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Just-in-time manufacturing can provide tremendous value but only for organizations in certain industries and only for organizations with fine tuned supply chains. You simply can’t fine tune your supply chain well enough without having tightly integrated supply chain systems with your partners. A company never actually has inventory

Vendor-managed inventory (VMI): What is it and When does it make sense to use it - What was this article about? - This article describes VMI, the benefits of VMI and the pros / cons of using this technique. - Why should you care? - VMI can create tremendous value but only for organization that have stable, strategic partnerships between suppliers and customers and only when VMI creates strategic benefits for both partners - Companies are incentivised to do this because they get the business from the company (ie: intel and parts company) What is RFID? - What was this article about? - This article provides an overview of RFID and what it can be used for in a business setting. - Why should you care? - Supply chain visibility from beginning to end and ability to track items from one end to the other is essential to optimizing the supply chain. RFID is a technology that provides this visibility and can provides this visibilty and can provide tremendous value to the right organization. - Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) - RFID tags will soon replace standard barcodes - RFID is the use of electromagnetic energy to transit energy between a reader (transceiver) and the tag (antenna) - Line-of-sight readings is not necessary

- RFID tags can contain more information than barcodes Tags are programmable, so there is a vast array of potential uses. Scanning can be done from a greater distance - Passive Tags- inexpensive, range of few feet - Active Tags- most expensive, range of hundreds of feet 4.2 Customer Relationship Management Systems What is CRM - Marketing: campaigns & tactics - Sales: leads, sales pipeline, sales forecasting & sales quota/ attainment, results/ performance - Customer: support and help desk, profile & contact management Why does my business need a CRM System? - What was this article about? - While all organizations have the need to manage relationship with their customers with their customers, organizations that collect information about their customers, share this information across business teams, analyze the data when appropriate and act as needed benefit the most CRM. - Why should you care? - For many organizations having an intimate understanding of their customers and the ability to use this insight to drive revenue growth is the most strategic of all their assets. Just a system? - It’s a strategy and outlook that changes the way an organization does business -

CRM Processes

Benefits of a CRM

Choosing a CRM Software: A Buyer’s Guide - What was this article about? - From simple contact databases to world-class enterprise systems, there are lots of different types of CRM software out there to meet the needs of lots of organizations. This article provides an overview of features that organizations might need. - Why should you care? - CRM software can represent a big investment for an organization. With so many options you want to make sure you purchase the right solution for your organization, no more and no less.

Evolutions of CRM - Customer Relationship Management - Early Goal: help businesses build and maintain relationships with new and existing customers - New Goal: manage sales, marketing, point-of-sale (POS), accounting, vendor and other types of operational data, all in one easily accessible solution. CRM & ERP: What’s the difference? - What was this article about? - While CRM and ERP are both enterprise systems that increase the profits of companies, the goal of ERP is to reduce costs by making business processes more efficient while the goal CRM is to increase revenue. - Why should you care? - These are two very different technologies that do two very different things. One reduces costs while the other increases revenue. Make sure you are using the right technology to solve the problem. - CRM: focuses on the customer - Record & store customer interactions - Increase profit by producing greater sales volume - ERP: Focus on the business - Streamlining the sharing of information across departments - Reduce capital spent on inefficient processes - One is not better than the other, but they are complimentary 6 examples of how to use CRM dashboards - What was this article about? - All CRMs make use of dashboards to provide insight into an organization’s sales and marketing activities. This article describes some of the important things you will find in these dashboards. - Why should you care? - As a business professional, it is important to understand how people interact with systems like these as a part of these systems creating value for the organizations. 5.1 Platforms and Network Effects What is a platform - What was this article about? - We learned that a platform is a business model that creates value by facilitating exchanges between two or more independent groups, usually consumers and producers - Why should you care? - Some of the most exciting new businesses out there today are built on platforms. With an understanding of technology, platforms and the different types of platforms, maybe you will be the creator of the next Uber! - A platform is an environment provided by an intermediary (proprietary or hosted) encompassing infrastructure and rules to facilitate users’ interactions with each other.

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A platform is a business model that creates value by facilitating exchanges between two or more interdependent groups usually consumers and producers. - Exchange platforms - Uber - Amazon - Maker platforms - XBOX - App Store - Business model analysis, part 2: platforms and network effects - What was this article about? - This article discusses different types of platforms and the impact of the network effect has on the value of a business built on a platform - Why should you care? - For many platform based businesses, the number of people involved makes the difference between making money and losing money What is a network effect? - In economics and business, a network effect is the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people - “Network effects are evident when any given customers willingness to pay (WTP) for a product depends on the number of other customers with whom they can interact by using the product. What makes uber different from android? How to make sense of platform businesses - What was this article about? - Both uber and android are platforms that provide the foundation for great businesses but they are very different types of platforms that make money in different ways, uber is an exchange platform while android is a maker platform - Why should you care? - As a business person, you need to understand the different types of platforms create value and how the money flows Platform mediated networks - Connect networks of customers/ users, are not limited to information industries - Financial services (e.g. stock exchanges, credit cards, ATMs) - Health care (e.g. HMOs) - Energy (e.g. airlines, container shipping, gasoline stations) - Retailing (e.g. shopping malls, barcodes). A diverse array of matchmaking businesses mediate network transactions, including auctioneers, executive recruiters, realtors, and travel agencies/ - Enable communication & commerce Airbnb and the unstoppable rise of the share economy - What was this article about? - How we have seen the rise of platform being leveraged as a business model. Asset owners use this model to capitalize the unused capacity of items they

already have, such as car or house, and consumers rent from their peers rather than rent or buy from a company - Why should you care? - We are moving from a world where we’re organized around ownership to one organized around access to assets. As a business professional, it is important to understand the capabilities of this new business model. Platform Business Models - Proprietary - Single provider with exclusive control over technology, standards, pricing leverage (e.g eBay, Federal Express, Google) - Shared - Multiple providers collaborate in developing technology, then compete in differentiating services (e.g Xbox, windows, cellular LTE) 5.2 Cloud Computing Cloud Computing 101 - What was this article about? - This article gives a simple overview of cloud computing including what it is, the types of cloud computing (IaaS, PaaS, and Saas) and some of the pros/cons of utilizing cloud computing - Why should you care? - Cloud computing means a lot of different things to a lot of different people. Some organizations benefit from another type of cloud computing while other benefit from another type. Enterprise Cloud Computing - Computing on demand - Characteristics - On-demand self- service - Network access from anywhere - Rapid elasticity (scalability) & Resources pooling - Measured services (pay for services you use) - Technology as a “utility” - Capital expenditures become operating expenditures - Enables universal, global, & mobile collaboration - Pros - Anywhere, anytime collaboration/ remote access - A green choice - Reduced support/ IT staff and hardware needs - Less expensive - Increased agility/ scalability - Disaster recovery - Easy to use - Improved service and performance - Cons

- Device security - Downtime & availability - Data integrity - Privacy & confidentiality of data - Big Players - Amazon Web Services (AWS) - Google cloud platform - Microsoft - Oracle - And many others How to choose your cloud service provider - What was this article about? - There are lots of cloud providers out there, each with their own individual strengths and weaknesses. This article helps you understand what you should be looking for when trying to find a partner in the cloud space - Why should you care? - For some organizations, selecting a cloud provider is literally “bet the business” proposition. If the cloud provider has problems, your business will pay the price. Cloud computing models - IaaS: Infrastructure as a service - “Host”- you pay for the infrastructure but you are responsible for all application development and development and deployment and support activities - “Online services that abstract user from the detail of infrastructure like physical computing resources, location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup, etc.” - The user is responsible for installing and maintaining the operating system and the application software - IaaS: Amazon Web Services: EC2 - The gold standard in IaaS - Many services you use run on AWS - Hundred of success stories - AWS Case study: Netflix - 8 year migration to AWS- no more data center - AWS manage the infrastructure - Nimble architecture - Increased productivity - Netflix developers team now focuses on developing features unique to Netflix - Google Cloud Platform: Compute Engine - Built on the same infrastructure as Google search engine, Gmail, Youtube: “powered by Google” - Scalable virtualization on demand - Pay per consumption, like a utility, cents per hour of usage

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Each virtual machine instance is equipped with resources like disk, network, firewall, etc PaaS: Platform as a service - “Build”- you pay for the infrastructure and for a developing platform that supports many areas of the deployment so you can just focus on programming your application - Build and deploy applications to the web quickly and without the significant capital expenditures and complexity of investments in infrastructure and support layers - Platform includes security layers, databases, operating systems, and developing/ execution environments - Rapid deployment - Automatic scaling - Integration with developing tools - Pay for what your application consumes - PaaS: Google App Engine (2008) - The gold standard in PaaS - Supports Python, Java, PHP, and Go - Includes free quotas - Pay per application consumption - Hundreds of apps built and deployed - GCP Case Study: Snapchat - Snapchat has been valued at ~$15 Billion - All it offers is an app to share temporary, fleeting images - Why is scalability so important? - How might demand surge during events like Superbowl, Academy Awards, Elections, etc. - PaaS: AWS Elastic Beanstalk (2011) - Launched 3 years after (and in response to) Google App Engine - Supports more programming languages than Google - Uses similar quotas and pay per consumption model SaaS: Software as a service - “Consume”- you pay for an entire solution of that is fully built, deployed, and distributed over the web for you to consume on demand. You have no infrastructure, development, deployment, or support responsibilities. - Cloud-based software - Central, multi-tenant or virtualization architecture supports scalability - Distributed via web browsers; available anywhere with internet connection - Compatible with multiple operating systems and devices - Easy to use, collaborate, update, and sync - Reduced time to benefit/ rapid prototyping - Revenue model is subscription based - Examples of Saas

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SalesForce - CRM Tool - NetSuite - CRM and ERP combined service - Constant Contact - Marketing automation tool - GoToMeeting - Conferencing solution - Google Docs - Collaboration tool - DropBox - Storage solution - Adobe Creative Cloud - Suite of creative solution - Microsoft 365 - Suite of creative solutions - SaaS Subscription Types - Monthly billing - Term billing - Freemium: limited version free forever (usually very low conversion rate) - Free Trial: full version free for a period (conversion rates should be higher) - Paywall: similar to free trial, content blocked by quota Various other models exist (XaaS) / Hybrid

Cloud Failures Will Happen. Are You Ready? - What was this article about? - Nothing is certain except death and taxes… and technology failures. If your company uses a cloud provider, will you survive if they have a failure?

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Why should you care? - If your cloud provider is down then your business is down. Have you researched the cost of downtime for an organization and will you still be business if your cloud provider has a catastrophic failure? 6.0 Artificial Intelligence The AI Revolution: The Road to Superintelligence - What was this article about? - This article is a little longer than most but it is a great introduction to AI. It describes why it is so difficult to see the future when we look at the past. It describes where we are now, where we believe we will be in the not too distant future and the inevitable end of the world as we know it - Why should you care? - AI, in your lifetime, may be the biggest game-changer our world has ever seen. Stay on top of technology for your entire life so you know what is going on. Benefits and risks of artificial intelligence - What was this article about? - It describes the reasons why we should be concern with AI safety and the myths and facts AI. - Why should you care? - Understanding how AI can benefit and/ or threaten your future is important. It will impact the social and business aspect of your life Bill Gates says you should worry about artificial intelligence - What was this article about? - Bill Gates and some other very bright, tech-savvy people have some genuine concerns about AI and what could happen. - Why should you care? - When some science fiction writer, Hollywood producer or wacky person from an MIT research lab warn that AI could change the world, I don’t worry about it. When Bill Gates and Elon Musk are their money on the table to “keep AI friendly,” I get a little concerned and you should too Wait But Why: The AI Revolution

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Three types or calibers of AI - Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) - Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) - Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) ANI is everywhere - Google maps - Autonomous cars - Spam filters - Google translate - Travel bookings - Manufacturing - Facebook suggestions 2010 Flash Crash - ANI caused stock market to plummet - $1 trillion decline in value

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- Quick recovery AGI is imminent AGI is extremely complex and difficult Requires enormous computational power (remember Moore’s Law) Companies are spending billions of dollars - Google - IBM Cross-domain optimization Computers still have a hard time with tests like these, but for how long?

What is AGI? - What was this article about? - While AI in the form of artificial narrow intelligence (ANI) is all around us, the next giant step artificial general intelligence (AGI). This article provides a simple overview of AGI and how we will know when we get there. - Why should you care? - We will achieve AGI during your lifetime. It will have significant implications on your life. Understand what it is and stay on top technology for the entire life so you know what is going on. AGI Tests - The Turning test - Alan Turning (1912-1954) - Father of AI and computer science - Cryptanalyst during WWII - Cracked code that enabled Allies victory - Contributions to physical sciences (see Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction) - Prosecutes by UK and punished with chemical castration for being gay - Died of cyanide poisoning - Receives public apology in 2009 and royal pardon in 2013. - The coffee test - The college student test - The employment test What is Watson? - What was this article about?

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Watson is an AI platform developed by IBM that, with training from people and access to content fr...