Final exam pointers from the textbook PDF

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significant pointers for the final exam...

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After 1 year of age, brain glucose use remains constant at adult levels Like energy needs, protein needs also increase with age, but weight-wise protein requirement actually declines when a child grows up

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The vitamin and mineral needs of children increase with age

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During the second year of life, toddlers progress from a diet of iron-rich infant foods such as breast milk, iron-fortified formula, and iron-fortified infant cereal to a diet of adult foods and iron-poor cow’s milk. Among other nutrition concerns for Canadian children are that they may not be meeting their needs for potassium and fibre, and that 75 percent of them have intakes of sodium that exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) Iron is also used to make neurotransmitters—most notably, those that regulate the ability to pay attention, which is crucial to learning. Consequently, iron deficiency not only causes an energy crisis, but also directly impairs attention span and learning ability. Children who are malnourished are vulnerable to lead poisoning. They absorb more lead if their stomachs are empty; if they have low intakes of calcium, zinc, vitamin C, or vitamin D; and, of greatest concern because it is so common, if they have an iron deficiency. Iron deficiency weakens the body’s defences against lead absorption, and lead poisoning can cause iron deficiency. Lead exposure disrupts brain development in children Recent research supports the view that some areas in the brains of children with hyperactivity develop more slowly than those of other children. Such findings remain controversial, but further support comes from the fact that hyperactivity symptoms tend to improve as children get older. A well-controlled study of close to 300 children suggests that food additives such as artificial colours or sodium benzoate preservative (or both) exacerbate hyperactive symptoms such as inattention and impulsivity The number of overweight and obese children has increased dramatically since the late 1970s, but appears to have levelled off during the last decade. Lycopene, found in tomato, tomato products and watermelon, is an antioxidant that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. Phytosterols of soybeans & lignans of flaxseed are cholesterol-like substances that inhibit cholesterol absorption in the body, they lower LDL, inflammation and blood pressure. Lack of iron is a more common problem in young adults than in the elderly. The elderly are at increased risk of consuming inadequate amounts of vitamin B12, calcium, Vitamin D, water. In Exhaustion, muscles produce lactate. Lactate quickly leaves the muscles and travels in the blood to the liver. There, liver enzymes convert the lactate back into glucose. Glucose can then return to the muscles to fuel additional activity. After a couple of hours of strenuous activity, glucose stores are depleted. When depletion occurs, it brings nervous system function to a near halt, making continued exertion at the same intensity almost impossible.

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To ensure optimal carbohydrate intake, sports nutrition experts recommend 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour during prolonged events.

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During the last stages of an endurance competition, when glycogen is running low, glucose consumed during the event can slowly make its way from the digestive tract to the muscles and augment the body’s supply of glucose enough to forestall exhaustion. Cattle are the least efficient animals at converting grain into meat Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of contaminants in the flesh of animals high in the food chain Fruits and vegetables with blemishes are likely to have a lower pesticide content The major cause of famine in recent years is armed conflict If a woman wants to become pregnant, she should follow these: 1. Maintain a healthy body weight (excess body weight in both man and woman disrupts sex hormone regularity) 2. Maintain an adequate and balanced diet 3. Be physically active 4. Receive regular medical care 5. Manage chronic condition 6. Avoid harmful influence Critical period for neural tube development: 17-30 days Spina bifida: incomplete closure of spinal cord and its bony encasement RFs for neural tube defects: 1. Maternal obesity 2. Maternal diabetes 3. Maternal use of certain anti-seizure drugs 4. Mutations in folate-related enzymes Malnutrition during the critical period of pancreatic cell growth provides an example of how type 2 diabetes may develop in adulthood. The pancreatic cells responsible for producing insulin (the beta cells) normally increase more than 130-fold between 12 weeks gestation and 5 months after birth. Nutrition is a primary determinant of beta cell growth, and infants who have suffered prenatal malnutrition have significantly fewer beta cells than well-nourished infants. Low birthweight infants who gain weight rapidly are likely to develop hypertension & HD as adults. In general, higher birthweights present fewer risks. Underweight infants are more likely to have physical, mental defects, become ill and die. Rates of preterm births and deaths are higher for underweight women Canadian pregnant women: 20% overweight, 15% obese When a woman drinks during pregnancy, she causes damage in two ways: directly, by intoxication, and indirectly, by malnutrition. Prior to the complete formation of the placenta (approximately 12 weeks), alcohol diffuses directly into the tissues of the developing embryo, causing incredible damage. Alcohol interferes with the orderly development of tissues during their critical periods, reducing the number of cells and damaging those that are produced. The damage of alcohol toxicity during brain development is apparent in its reduced size and impaired function. When alcohol crosses the placenta, fetal blood alcohol rises until it reaches equilibrium with maternal blood alcohol. The mother may not even appear drunk, but the fetus may be poisoned. The fetus’s body is small, its detoxification system is immature, and alcohol remains in fetal blood long after it has disappeared from maternal blood. A pregnant

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woman harms her unborn child not only by consuming alcohol but also by not consuming food. This combination enhances the likelihood of malnutrition and a poorly developed infant. It is important to realize, however, that malnutrition is not the cause of FASD. It is true that mothers of FASD children often have unbalanced diets and nutrient deficiencies. It is also true that nutrient deficiencies may exacerbate the clinical signs seen in these children, but it is the alcohol that causes the damage.6 An adequate diet alone will not prevent FASD if alcohol abuse continues. Breastfeeding women who use oral contraceptives should use progestin-only agents for at least the first six months.102 Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives reduce the volume and the protein content of breast milk. Infants fed DHA-fortified formula had sharper vision @ 1yr Breast milk contains relatively small amounts of iron, but the iron has a high bioavailability. Zinc also has a high bioavailability, thanks to the presence of a zincbinding protein. Breast milk is low in sodium, another benefit for immature kidneys. Fluoride promotes the development of strong teeth, but breast milk is not a good source. the Canadian Paediatric Society recommends giving a single dose of vitamin K to infants at birth to protect them from developing hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDNB) Extra benefits of breast milk: 1. Oligosaccharides preventing bacterial cells from binding intestinal cells 2. Bifidus factor promotes growth of bacterium lactobacillus Bifidus 3. Lactoferrin binds iron preventing bacteria to access it 4. Lactadherin inhibits replication of most diarrhea-causing viruses Children with neither parent obese have a less than 10 percent chance of becoming obese in adulthood, whereas overweight teens with at least one obese parent have a greater than 80 percent chance of being obese adults. The chances of an obese child becoming an obese adult grow greater as the child grows older.85 The link between parental and child obesity reflects both genetic and environmental factors Risk of obesity increases by 60% for each sugared soft drink consumed daily Ideally, parents will limit sedentary activities and encourage at least one hour of daily physical activity to promote strong skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular development and instill in their children the desire to be physically active For children born in North America in the year 2000, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes sometime in their lives is estimated to be 30 percent for boys and 40 percent for girls The 2010 DRI report now recommends tripling the previous amount, from 5 micrograms per day to 15 micrograms per day. Adolescents who do not receive 15 micrograms of vitamin D from minimal sun exposure, vitamin D–fortified milk (2.5 micrograms per 250 millilitres), or other fortified foods each day may be at risk for getting too little vitamin D. 6 lifestyle behaviors that have the greatest influence on people’s health and longevity: 1. Eating well-balanced meals rich in fruits and vegetables 2. Exercising regularly 3. No smoking 4. No drinking or drinking in moderation 5. Maintaining a healthy body weight 6. Sleeping well

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Physical activity also increases blood flow to the brain, thereby preserving mental ability, alleviating depression, supporting independence & improving quality of life. The reduction in oxidative damage that occurs with energy restriction in animals also occurs in people whose diets include antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals. Diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, which include an abundance of fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and red wine—with their array of phytochemicals that have antioxidant activity— support good health and long life. Clearly, nutritional adequacy is essential to living a long and healthy life. Sarcopenia: loss of muscle characteristic of aging- As muscles diminish and weaken, people lose the ability to move and maintain balance—making falls likely...