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Rec 100 final review questions 1.

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We have spent a term exploring how leisure is defined, delivered, and practiced. Using this new understanding, create your own definition of leisure (10 marks). In your definition, be sure to address what leisure is/means; how it differs from other concepts, like work and play; and how you conceptualize leisure satisfaction.

Enjoyment Relaxation Free time Voluntary Pleasurable Non-work Non-obligated

Differs: Work: -

Could be a job or staying at home taking care of the kids Takes away from leisure time

Play: -

One basic way of “playing” Leisure time you can do anything

Conceptualize leisure satisfaction: -

2.

Flow: occurs when there is a match between the challenge of an activity and the skill level of the participant. If the challenge outmatches the skill, anxiety occurs. When the skill outmatches the challenge, boredom occurs. Identify (2 marks) the difference between the concepts of “gender” and “sex.” Provide one example (2 marks) of how gender roles are reproduced through leisure, and one example (2 marks) of how gender roles are resisted through leisure. Define (2 marks) “leisure constraints” and provide one example (2 marks) of how men can be constrained in their leisure.

Gender: gender is how society determines roles and expectations for behaviour based on one's biological sex; what it means to be a woman, man, or transgendered individual Gender roles are reproduced (recreation of traditional gender relations) through leisure. For example, there is sport participation for males. Organized sports for boys both reflect dominant concepts of masculinity and encourage boys to define themselves in these traditional ways. Gender roles are resisted (challenge gender roles and stereotypes) through leisure. One example of resistance is the relatively recent phenomenon of male professional athletes from traditionally masculine sports (hockey and football) participating in shows such as battle of the blades and dancing with the stars. Sex: sex describes whether people are biologically male or female; this trait is determined physiologically, before birth. a person's sex as being “male” or “female” and it involves both primary (i.e., hormones and genitalia) and secondary (e.g., breasts, body hair) sexual characteristics. Leisure constraints: is any factor that stands between a possible activity and one's opportunity for involvement in that experience. An Example of how men can be constrained in leisure is through gender

Rec 100 final review questions stereotypes. there is a greater stigma if males pursue leisure that is seen as “feminine” or “sissy” than there is when females pursue leisure seen as “tomboyish.” 3.

Identify (2 marks) the difference between the concepts “race” and “ethnicity.” Define (2 marks) what “culture” is, and identify and explain two (4 marks) of the four modes of cultural change that we explored. Explain (2 marks) what is meant by the phrase, cultural identity is socially constructed.

Race: shared physical features (eye colour, skin colour) Ethnicity: common cultural characteristics (language, religion, traditions, ancestral, origins, family patterns and values) Culture: a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts Two modes of cultural change: Melting pot: -

A process through which both are the host and immigrant culture changes  Ethnic and racial diversions are shed and a new culture is formed  New characterisitcs are formed that are unique to the created culture  Often used to describe US population

Anglo-conformity: -

Occurs when an ethnic group’s cultural patterns must change in order to reflect those of the dominant society  Term for “acculturation” in a north American context  Mast groups are not willing to make sweeping transformations

5 main characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Shared: sharing culture helps us act in socially appropriate ways Learned: culture is not biological. Process of learning culture is enculturation Symbols: only have meaning when people agree on its use. Canada maple leaf Integrated: idea is known as holism. All aspects are related to one another Dynamic: cultures interact and change. Different cultures exchange ideas and symbols

Cultural Identity As A Social Construct -Dominant belief that race is static because it is based on genetic criteria -It is argued that race is actually a fluid social construct that can be re-defined at the individual and societal level Social Constructionism: Knowledge derived from social context •May differ from one society to another, from one time period to another •Example: A particular race in the 21st century in North America may have been very different in the past, or vastly different in another country

Rec 100 final review questions 4.

Define (3 marks) the term “serious leisure” and explain how it differs from casual leisure. Identify the three types of serious leisure participants and provide an example of each (4.5 marks). Explain why serious leisure participants sometimes find themselves marginalized (2.5 marks).

Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that participants find so substantial, interesting, and fulfilling that, in the typical case, they launch themselves on a career centered on acquiring and expressing a combination of its special skills, knowledge and experience. On the other hand, casual leisure is defined as immediately, intrinsically rewarding, relatively short-lived pleasurable activity requiring little or no special training to enjoy it. There are three types of serious leisure participants: amateur, volunteer and hobbyist. 1. Amateurs are found in art, science, sport, and entertainment. They are linked in a variety of ways with their professional counterparts, except amateurs do not make their livelihood at the activity and they pursue it part-time. An example of this would be Ironman triathletes or climbers who ascend the tallest peaks in the world (e.g., Everest). 2. Hobbyists lack the professional alter ego of amateurs, although they are no less involved. The category of hobbyists is further grouped into five types: a. Collectors b. Makers and tinkerers c. Activity participants d. Players of sports and games e. Liberal arts enthusiasts 3. Volunteers are those who provide uncoerced help offered either formally or informally with no or, at most, token pay and done for the benefit of both other people (beyond the volunteer's family) and the volunteer. An example of this is raising money and awareness for various causes Serious leisure participants find themselves marginalized by those who participate in predominantly casual leisure, this type of dedication can be difficult to understand. Some serious leisure participants may find that they struggle with ambiguity, or a lack of clarity as to who they really are. 5.

Define (2 marks) the term “socioeconomic status.” Explain (2 marks) why some authors believe that the term “class” is outdated. Define (3 marks) the word “poverty” and in your definition, differentiate between absolute poverty and relative poverty. Explain (3 marks) why those living in poverty may have a difficult time accessing leisure programs and services.

Socioeconomic status: determined by a persons occupation, level of education, and income and other components such as reputation/status, possessions, and family history Class is outdated: -

Class stratification implies that people can be differientiated hierarchically on one or more criteria into distinct layers, WHEN IN FACT, it is more complex

Poverty: the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. Inequalities related to wealth and income. Morality rates, educational attainment, housing conditions, and forms of leisure participation Absolute poverty: those who do not have enough to survive Relative poverty: those that have less than those in the same social context Difficult accessing programs:

Rec 100 final review questions -

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socio-economic barriers – the cost of recreation is extremely high: too high to pay (Have to work multiple jobs (don’t have the time) organizational barriers – a lack of supportive policies, facilities and financial resources communications barriers – information about recreation resources and services doesn’t reach lowincome families Define (2 marks) the term “marginalized leisure” and describe (3 marks) three reasons that people participate in marginalized leisure. In your own words, explain (3 marks) what the Minority Stress Model suggests, and discuss (2 marks) how this model applies to the Furry Fandom.

Marginal leisure can include a variety of activities, from substance use (both legal and illegal), to gambling, to sexual activity, to criminal activity such as vandalism or even murder. Use the term marginal to describe leisure that challenges societal norms, laws, or belief systems. Three reasons why people participate in marginalized leisure is sensation seeking, differential association, and anomie. People who act out of boredom and apathy are often driven to seek challenge as leisure pursuits: taking high risks, getting involved in adventure recreation, and confronting adversities and unpredictable outcomes, these people are sensation seeking. Differential association refers to behavior is learned through interaction with others in intimate personal groups. If a social group is delinquent, deviant, or marginal, it is likely that those types of leisure will be learned. Anomie attributes marginal leisure choices to a feeling of disconnection from mainstream society. When an individual or group lacks a sense of purpose or identity in society, it can result in a disregard for social norms. anomie can be traced to an imbalance between a goal and the means to attain it, resulting in frustration that leads to deviant activities or withdrawal. the minority stress model descries how stigmatization leads to internalization of negative message about the stigmatized identity. A sense of isolation, and motivation to conceal the stigmatized identity and ultimately, negative consequences for well being. This relates to the furry fandom because deeper leisure involvement helps to counteract minority stress and cope with a stigmatized leisure identity. 7.

Provide three examples (3 marks) of what pop culture is beyond media (i.e., television, movies, magazines, etc.). Differentiate (2 marks) between “high culture” and “low culture,” providing an example (1 mark) of each. Identify why this high-low distinction can be problematic and explain how it is beginning to shift (4 marks).

3 examples of pop culture beyond media: 1. The media (paparazzi): The “gotcha!” approach of paparazzi has also spawned a new culture in terms of the way people—young people in particular—use social media to interact with one another, sometimes in detrimental ways. 2. Gossip: consume it through newspaper, tv shows, new way of culture 3. Perpetuation of stereotypes High culture:   

Culture of the elite Maintained limitations, endorsed exclusivity, restricted membership, and fostered excellence EX. Art galleries, museums, operas, classical music, literature

Low culture: 

Culture of the masses

Rec 100 final review questions    

Unrefined, mainstream, popular culture Film, television, journalism Produced as a commodity to make money EX. Sports, fashion, media, movies, slang

Problematic distinction:   

People may still believe they cant afford to attend a symphony Wont enjoy the theatre because they’ve never tried it Low- culture seen as “guilty pleasure” (reality tv shows)

Shift:    

8.

High culture institutions are finding ways to reach out to new demographics Affordable tickets ($200 vs $35 @ the nutcracker) Low culture pursuits taking on new meaning and importance Orange is the new black o Transgender actress o Mistreatment of men o Exploration of race Explain (3 marks) what the “social construction of disability” is. Articulate (1 mark) what is meant by “person-first language,” and explain (2 marks) why it is the current best practice in Therapeutic Recreation work. Provide an example (2 marks) of a leisure program where persons with disabilities are segregated, and provide an example (2 marks) of a program that is inclusive.

social constructionism [of disability] is concerned with the meaning given by society to physical, cognitive, mental, and emotional impairments. This meaning is created when a societal majority shares the meanings they assign to “behaviours, objects, and language”. society creates disability by thinking and acting in a way that assumes that everyone is an able-bodied person, thus preventing people with disabilities from being fully included in society. Person-first language: -

Focus on the person first, avoid words that evoke pity, ask the person with the disability for guidance.

Person- first language is the current best practice in Therapeutic Recreation work because when working in TR you must be respectful and kind, and not use terms or labels that perpetuate stereotypes. An example of segregation: -

Special Olympics in Ontario: SOO promotes opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy, and develop skills and friendship with their families, other Special Olympic athletes, and the community. It is the world’s largest movement.

An example of inclusion: -

Wheelchair basketball: make modifications to the game or activity that allow all players to have an equal or more equal chance of doing well. The players' inability to walk is not a factor in how well they play.

Rec 100 final review questions 9.

Explain (3 marks) three ways that sport can help strengthen communities. Explain (3 marks) three ways that sport can be challenging or controversial in terms of diverse populations. Define (1 mark) eSports and discuss (3 marks) whether or not you believe that competitive gamers are athletes.

Benefits to communities:     

Major sport events = vivid images to lively stories that entertain and inspire o Help us make sense of experiences and world around us Social solidarity Community/national pridedefining nationCanada=hockey Improved infrastructure (local parks, stadiums) Marker of integration fostering social relationships – enabling resettled refugees to participate

3 sport challenges/controversies: 1. Eliminating racial and ethnic exclusion in participation 2. Dealing with and managing racial and ethnic diversity by creating an inclusive culture on sports teams and organizations 3. Integrating positions of power in organizations to reflect greater diversity eSports: eSports, “a catchall term for games that resemble conventional sports insofar as they have superstars, playo ffs, fans, uniforms, comebacks, and upsets.... But all the action in [eSports] occurs online, and the contestants hardly move” Competitive gamers: NO -

Takes no physical attributes to “game” (Its strategy) Video games is not considered a sport

10. In the final module of the term, we explored some of the factors that are likely to impact our leisure lives in the distant and not-so-distant future. Identify (0.5 marks) whether you are a Prophet-of-Doom, Utopian, or somewhere in the middle and explain (3 marks) why. Select (0.5 marks) one of the TrendBank trends that was not highlighted in Module 12, and discuss (6 marks) how it relates to leisure

Prohet-of-doom and utopian because I see things from both perspectives. In everyday life I stand somewhere in the middle because I see the bad but I can also see the good and I think having both those perspectives gets me a better view of how the world around me is. Sometimes I can see the really bad in a situation but other times I can see the positives or I see both and try to weigh the pros and cons. Clanning: belonging to a group that represents common feelings, causes or ideals; validating one’s own belief system This relates to leisure by: -

Through cultural backgrounds (race, ethnicity, culture) Social class (low, middle, high) Gender (male, female) Disabilities intrinsic motivation (motivation for that activity) Perceived freedom (interests)

Rec 100 final review questions Leisure -

considered “discretionary” or “free time” leisure & free time mean different things to different people FREE TIME reduces leisure to QUANTITY OF TIME, says nothing about the QUALITY

Leisure as Activity Conceptualization -

Pursuits that are voluntarily chosen Leisure is not just about the activity, but the MEANING of the experience

Leisure as a State of Mind -

Individual’s subjective experience

What is Leisure, What is Not? -

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Central Determinants of Leisure: o Intrinsic Motivation  Moved from within to participate  No external influences (reward, people)  Feelings of satisfaction, enjoyment, gratification o Perceived Freedom  Ability to choose activity without control from others  Sense of autonomy These help distinguish leisure from recreation, work, and play

Distinctions Between Work, Recreation, and Leisure -

Work o Means to provide for life’s needs Recreation o Rest from work Leisure o Life’s noblest pursuit

Recreation -

Activity-focused Has specific purposes/outcomes: o Assist individual & community development o Improve quality of life o Enhance social functioning o Improve physical and mental health

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Multiple definitions 8 characteristics associated with play: o Intrinsic Motivation o Free Choice o Suspension of Reality  Play is transformational  Player is allowed to change roles

Play

Rec 100 final review questions o o o

o

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Positive Effect  Positive experience, enjoyable Process Over Product  Goal is engaging in activity itself Play is Active  Players engaged in behaviors such as exploration, make believe, experimentation Play is Bound by Rules  Rules are self-imposed, regulated, and changed by players (not like organized sport) Internal Locus of Control

Leisure Satisfaction -

3 Approaches o Definitional Approach  Characteristics that lead people to define an activity, setting, or experience  Focus = what they enjoyed about activity, not activity itself  Based on this approach, things considered as work could be considered leisure (cooking, shopping) o Immediate Conscious Experience Approach  Examines the quality of what people experience during leisure  Study experiences as they unfold  Quality, duration, intensity o Post-Hoc Satisfaction Approach  Focus = perceived motivations, outcomes, and satisfactions associated with experience  Scale created to identify leisure satisfaction  6 components o psychological o educational o social o relaxation o physiological o aesthetic  leisure satisfaction = positive perceptions/feelings that an individual forms, elicits, or gains

Substitutability -

Within-cluster swap = doable Cluster-cluster swap = not doable

Optimal Level of Arousal Leisure Styles -

Why people do what they do to be satisfied 3 different models o Stereotypes Model  Somewhat problematic

Rec 100 final review questions 

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Presupposes that individuals are monothematic in leisure  Tall people play basketball  All Japanese people know karate  All women love to dance Core Model  Easily accessible, common, often home-based, low in cost  Meet individual’s needs for familiarity, structure, and stability  Pl...