Food Biochemistry and Food Processing PDF

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P1: SFK/UKS P2: SFK BLBS102-fm BLBS102-Simpson March 23, 2012 17:24 Trim: 276mm X 219mm Printer Name: Yet to Come Food Biochemistry and Food Processing Second Edition i P1: SFK/UKS P2: SFK BLBS102-fm BLBS102-Simpson March 23, 2012 17:24 Trim: 276mm X 219mm Printer Name: Yet to Come Food Biochemistr...

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Food Biochemistry and Food Processing Second Edition

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Food Biochemistry and Food Processing Second Edition Edited by Benjamin K. Simpson Associate Editors Leo M.L. Nollet Fidel Toldr´a Soottawat Benjakul Gopinadhan Paliyath Y.H. Hui

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

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C 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This edition first published 2012
C Blackwell Publishing First edition published 2006


Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Editorial offices:

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Disclaimer The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. 1 2012

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Contents

Contributor List Preface xii

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Part 1: Principles/Food Analysis 1. An Introduction to Food Biochemistry 3 Rickey Y. Yada, Brian Bryksa, and Wai-kit Nip 2. Analytical Techniques in Food Biochemistry 26 Massimo Marcone 3. Enzymes in Food Analysis 39 Isaac N. A. Ashie 4. Browning Reactions 56 Marta Corzo-Mart´ınez, Nieves Corzo, Mar Villamiel, and M Dolores del Castillo 5. Water Chemistry and Biochemistry 84 C. Chieh Part 2: Biotechnology and Ezymology 6. Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature 109 H. Ako and W. K. Nip 7. Biocatalysis, Enzyme Engineering and Biotechnology 125 G. A. Kotzia, D. Platis, I. A. Axarli, E. G. Chronopoulou, C. Karamitros, and N. E. Labrou 8. Enzyme Activities 167 D. J. H. Shyu, J. T. C. Tzen, and C. L. Jeang 9. Enzymes in Food Processing 181 Benjamin K. Simpson, Xin Rui, and Sappasith Klomklao 10. Protein Cross-linking in Food – Structure, Applications, Implications for Health and Food Safety 207 Juliet A. Gerrard and Justine R. Cottam 11. Chymosin in Cheese Making 223 V. V. Mistry 12. Pectic Enzymes in Tomatoes 232 Mary S. Kalamaki, Nikolaos G. Stoforos, and Petros S. Taoukis 13. Seafood Enzymes 247 M. K. Nielsen and H. H. Nielsen

14. Seafood Enzymes: Biochemical Properties and Their Impact on Quality 263 Sappasith Klomklao, Soottawat Benjakul, and Benjamin K. Simpson Part 3: Meat, Poultry and Seafoods 15. Biochemistry of Raw Meat and Poultry 287 Fidel Toldr´a and Milagro Reig 16. Biochemistry of Processing Meat and Poultry 303 Fidel Toldr´a 17. Chemical and Biochemical Aspects of Color in Muscle-Based Foods 317 Jos´e Angel P´erez-Alvarez and Juana Fern´andez-L´opez 18. Biochemistry of Fermented Meat 331 Fidel Toldr´a 19. Biochemistry of Seafood Processing 344 Y. H. Hui, N. Cross, H. G. Kristinsson, M. H. Lim, W. K. Nip, L. F. Siow, and P. S. Stanfield 20. Fish Collagen 365 Soottawat Benjakul, Sitthipong Nalinanon, and Fereidoon Shahidi 21. Fish Gelatin 388 Soottawat Benjakul, Phanat Kittiphattanabawon, and Joe M. Regenstein 22. Application of Proteomics to Fish Processing and Quality 406 H´olmfr´ıður Sveinsd´ottir, Samuel A. M. Martin, and Oddur T. Vilhelmsson Part 4: Milk 23. Dairy Products 427 Terri D. Boylston 24. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Milk Constituents P.F. Fox and A.L. Kelly 25. Biochemistry of Milk Processing 465 A.L. Kelly and P.F. Fox 26. Equid Milk: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Processing 491 T. Uniacke-Lowe and P.F. Fox

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vi Part 5: Fruits, Vegetables, and Cereals 27. Biochemistry of Fruits 533 Gopinadhan Paliyath, Krishnaraj Tiwari, Carole Sitbon, and Bruce D. Whitaker 28. Biochemistry of Fruit Processing 554 Moustapha Oke, Jissy K. Jacob, and Gopinadhan Paliyath 29. Biochemistry of Vegetable Processing 569 Moustapha Oke, Jissy K. Jacob, and Gopinadhan Paliyath 30. Non-Enzymatic Browning in Cookies, Crackers and Breakfast Cereals 584 A.C. Soria and M. Villamiel 31. Bakery and Cereal Products 594 J. A. Narvhus and T. Sørhaug 32. Starch Synthesis in the Potato Tuber 613 P. Geigenberger and A.R. Fernie 33. Biochemistry of Beer Fermentation 627 Ronnie Willaert 34. Rye Constituents and Their Impact on Rye Processing 654 T. Verwimp, C. M. Courtin, and J. A. Delcour Part 6: Health/Functional Foods 35. Biochemistry and Probiotics 675 Claude P. Champagne and Fatemeh Zare 36. Biological Activities and Production of Marine-Derived Peptides 686 Wonnop Vissesangua and Soottawat Benjakul 37. Natural Food Pigments 704 Benjamin K. Simpson, Soottawat Benjakul, and Sappasith Klomklao

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Contents

Part 7: Food Processing 38. Thermal Processing Principles 725 Yetenayet Bekele Tola and Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy 39. Minimally Processed Foods 746 Michael O. Ngadi, Sammy S.S. Bajwa, and Joseph Alakali 40. Separation Technology in Food Processing 764 John Shi, Sophia Jun Xue, Xingqian Ye, Yueming Jiang, Ying Ma, Yanjun Li, and Xianzhe Zheng Part 8: Food Safety and Food Allergens 41. Microbial Safety of Food and Food Products 787 J. A. Odumeru 42. Food Allergens 798 J. I. Boye, A. O. Danquah, Cin Lam Thang, and X. Zhao 43. Biogenic Amines in Foods 820 Angelina O. Danquah, Soottawat Benjakul, and Benjamin K. Simpson 44. Emerging Bacterial Food-Borne Pathogens and Methods of Detection 833 Catherine M. Logue and Lisa K. Nolan 45. Biosensors for Sensitive Detection of Agricultural Contaminants, Pathogens and Food-Borne Toxins 858 Barry Byrne, Edwina Stack, and Richard O’Kennedy Glossary of Compound Schemes 877 Index 881

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Contributor List

Joseph Alakali Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Isaac N.A. Ashie, Ph.D. Novozymes North America, Inc. Franklinton, NC 27525 Phone: 919 637 3868 E-mail: [email protected] Irene A. Axarli, Ph.D. Laboratory of Enzyme Technology Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens Iera Odos 75, 11855-Athens, Greece email: [email protected] Sammy S.S. Bajwa Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Soottawat Benjakul, Ph.D., (Associate Editor) Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] Joyce I. Boye, Ph.D. Food Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 3600 Casavant Blvd. West St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 8E3, Canada Phone: 450-768-3232; Fax 450-773-8461 E-mail: [email protected] Terri D. Boylston, Ph.D. Department Food Science & Human Nutrition 2312 Food Sciences Building Iowa State University

Ames, IA 50011-1061 Phone: 515-294-0077 Email: [email protected] Brian Bryksa, Ph.D. Department of Food Science University of Guelph 50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada Phone: 519-824-4120 x56585 E-mail: [email protected] Barry Byrne, Ph.D. Biomedical Diagnostics Institute (BDI) Dublin City University Dublin 9, Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Claude P. Champagne, Ph.D. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 3600 Casavant St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 8E3, Canada Phone: 450-768-3238 Fax: 450-773-8461 E-mail: [email protected] Euggelia G. Chronopoulou, Ph.D. Laboratory of Enzyme Technology Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens Iera Odos 75, 11855-Athens, Greece E-mail: [email protected] Nieves Corzo, Ph.D. Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) c/Nicol´as Cabrera, 9, Campus of Universidad Aut´onoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid (Spain) Phone: + 34 91 001 79 54 Fax: + 34 91 001 79 05 E-mail: [email protected] Justine R. Cottam, Ph.D. Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Contributor List

and Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand E-mail: [email protected] Angelina O. Danquah, Ph.D. Department of Home Science University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana E-mail: [email protected] Ma Dolores del Castillo, Ph. D. Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) c/Nicol´as Cabrera, 9 Campus of Universidad Aut´onoma de Madrid 28049-Madrid (Spain) Phone: + 34 91 001 79 53 Fax: + 34 91 001 79 05 E-mail: [email protected] Juana Fernandez-Lopez, Ph.D. IPOA Research Group. AgroFood Technology Department. Orihuela Polytechnical High School Miguel Hernandez University Ctra. a Beniel. km. 3,2 Orihuela (Z.C. 03312) Alicante (Spain) Phone: +34 966749784 Fax: +34 966749677 E-mail: [email protected] Patrick Fox, Ph.D. School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University College Cork Cork, Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Juliet A. Gerrard, Ph.D. IRL Industry and Outreach Fellow Co-Director, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Phone: 64 3 3642987 extn 7302 Fax: 64 3 3642590 E-mail: [email protected] Jissy K. Jacob Nestle PTC 809 Collins Ave Marysville, Ohio 43040, USA Phone: 937-642-2132 E-mail: [email protected] Yueming Jiang, Ph.D. South China Botanical Garden The Chinese Academy of Science Guangzhou, China Phone. 86-20-37252525 E-mail: [email protected] Mary S. Kalamaki, Ph.D. Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Department of Food Technology P.O. Box 141

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574 00 Thessaloniki, Greece Phone: +30 231 041 2238 Fax: +30 231 041 2238 E-mail: [email protected] Christos Karamitros, Ph.D. Laboratory of Enzyme Technology Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens Iera Odos 75, 11855-Athens, Greece E-mail: [email protected] Alan Kelly, Ph.D. School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University College Cork Cork, Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Phanat Kittiphattanabawon, Ph.D. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Sappasith Klomklao, Ph.D. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Phatthalung, 93110, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Georgia A. Kotzia, Ph.D. Laboratory of Enzyme Technology Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens Iera Odos 75, 11855-Athens, Greece E-mail: [email protected] Hordur G. Kristinsson, Ph.D. Acting CEO & Director Matis - Icelandic Food & Biotech R&D Biotechnology and Biomolecules Division Biotechnology and Biomolecules Labs Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjav´ık (Alternate Address: Matis Biotechnology Centre: Haeyri 1, 550 Saudarkrokur) Phone: +354 422-5063 - Fax: +354 422-5002 E-mail: [email protected] Nikolaos Labrou, Ph.D. Director of Division C (Biochemistry, Enzyme Technology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology), Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Gr-118 55, Athens, Greece Phone: +30 210 5294308, E-mail: [email protected]

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Contributor List

Catherine M. Logue, Ph.D. Assistant Director, NDAES Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences PO Box 6050, Dept 7690 North Dakota State University Fargo, ND 58108 Phone: 701 231 7692 Fax: 701 231 9692 E-mail: [email protected] Yanjun Li, Research and Development Center Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co. Ltd. Hangzhou, China Phone : 86-571-86796066 E-mail: [email protected] Miang H. Lim, Ph.D. Honorary Associate Professor University of Auckland New Zealand E-mail: [email protected]. Ying Ma, Ph.D. College of Food Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin, China Phone: 86-451-86282903 E-mail: [email protected] Samuel A. M. Martin, Ph.D. School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Marta Corzo Mart´ınez, Ph.D. Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) c/ Nicol´as Cabrera, 9, Campus of Universidad Aut´onoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid (Spain) Phone: +34 647048116 E-mail: [email protected] Sitthipong Nalinanon, Ph.D. Faculty of Agro-Industry King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Chalongkrung Rd., Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Michael O. Ngadi, Ph.D. Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University, Macdonald Campus 21,111 Lakeshore Road Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada Phone: (514) 398-7779 Fax: (514) 398-8387 E-mail: [email protected]

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Lisa K. Nolan, Ph.D. College of Veterinary Medicine, 1600 S. 16th Street, 2506 Veterinary Administration Iowa State University Ames IA 50011-1250, USA E-mail: [email protected] Leo M. L. Nollet, Ph.D. (Associate Editor) Hogeschool Gent Department of Engineering Sciences Schoonmeersstraat 52 B9000 Gent, Belgium Phone: 00-329-242-4242 Fax: 00 329 243 8777 E-mail: [email protected] Moustapha Oke, Ph.D. Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs Food Safety and Environment Division Food Inspection Branch / Food Safety Science Unit 1 Stone Road West, 5th Floor NW Guelph, Ontario N1G 4Y2, Canada Phone: 519-826-3246; Fax: +519-826-3233 E-mail: [email protected] Richard O’Kennedy, Ph.D. Biomedical Diagnostics Institute (BDI) and National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR) Dublin City University Dublin 9, Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Gopinadhan Paliyath, Ph.D., (Associate Editor) Plant Agriculture Edmond C. Bovey Bldg University of Guelph 50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Phone: 519-824-4120 x 54856 E-mail: [email protected] Jose Angel Perez-Alvarez, Ph.D. IPOA Research Group. AgroFood Technology Department. Orihuela Polytechnical High School Miguel Hernandez University Ctra. a Beniel. km. 3,2 Orihuela (Z.C. 03312), Alicante (Spain) Phone: +34 966749739 Fax: +34 966749677 E-mail: [email protected] Dimitris Platis, Ph.D. Laboratory of Enzyme Technology Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens Iera Odos 75, 11855-Athens, Greece, E-mail: [email protected]

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Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy, Ph.D. Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry McGill University, Macdonald Campus 21,111 Lakeshore Road Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada Phone: 514-398-7919; Fax: 514-398-7977 E-mail: [email protected] Joe M. Regenstein, Ph.D. Department of Food Science Stocking Hall, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA 14853-7201 E-mail: [email protected] Milagro Reig, Ph.D. Institute of Food Engineering for Development Universidad Polit´ecnica de Valencia, Ciudad Polit´ecnica de la Innovaci´on, ed.8E, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain) E-mail: [email protected] Xin Rui Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University, Macdonald Campus 21,111 Lakeshore Road Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada Phone: (514) 398-7779 Fax: (514) 398-8387 E-mail: [email protected] Fereidoon Shahidi, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada E-mail: [email protected] John Shi, Ph.D. Guelph Food Research Center Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ontario, N1G 5C9, Canada Phone: 519 780-8035 E-mail: [email protected] Benjamin K. Simpson, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry McGill Univ...