Free Download PDF The Nalco Water Handbook 4th Edition PDF

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About Nalco Water, an Ecolab Company Nalco Water, an Ecolab company is the global leader in water, hygiene, and energy technologies and services that protect people and vital resources. Ecolab delivers comprehensive solutions and on-site service to ensure safe food, maintain clean environments, optimize water and energy use, and improve operational efficiencies for customers in the food, healthcare, energy, hospitality, and industrial markets in more than 170 countries around the world.

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Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments

Section 1 Introduction 1 The Business Case for Managing Water Global Trends Affecting Water Supply The Impact of Climate Change on Glacial Water Impact of Population Trends on Surface and Groundwater Sustainability as a Business Driver Sustainability Reporting and Regulations Making the Business Case for Managing Water Calculate the Full Value of Water Perform a Total Plant Assessment of Water Use Value and Prioritize Water Risk Monetizer Case Studies Business Expansion Projects Existing Facility Water Improvement Projects 2 Water Sources and Stressors Water Sources Surface Water—Rivers Surface Water—Lakes Groundwater Connate Water Desalination Recycled Wastewater

Stress on Water Sources Groundwater Stress Surface Water Stress 3 Water Quality Natural Factors Affecting Water Quality Seasonal Changes That Affect Water Quality Impact of Dams on River Water Quality Water Quality When River Meets Ocean Pollution Impact of Water and Process Treatment Boiler Water Cooling Water Wastewater Focus on Total System Performance

Section 2 Basic Water Chemistry 4 Water Chemistry Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Compounds Atoms and Molecules Bonding in Compounds The Water Molecule Solubility of Matter in Water Hydrogen Bonding Other Properties of Water Basics of Water Chemistry Impurities in Water Electrolytes Electromotive Series Colloidal Systems Solubility of Gases in Water Organic Compounds and Solubility in Water Solubility Product Constants Equilibrium

Solid Reactants Complexing Agents Application of Water Chemistry Hardness and Analysis of Water Alkalinity and pH Relationships Practical Aspects of Mineral Solubility CaCO3 Stability Indexes Oxidation/Reduction Reactions 5 Impurities in Water Characteristics of Water Sources Classes of Impurities Dissolved Substances Suspended Matter Organic Matter Biological Organisms Macrofouling Dissolved Gases Water Reuse and Recycle

Section 3.1 Applications—Impurity Removal 6 Raw Water Clarification and Filtration Coagulation Contaminants Removed Zeta Potential Flocculation Coagulation and Flocculation Chemicals Tailoring Polyelectrolytes Activated Silica Coagulation and Flocculation Applications Color Removal Plant Design Filtration Filtration Mechanisms

Granular Media Filters Granular Media Filter Beds Filter Backwashing Systems Filter Appurtenances Service Operating Parameters Water Quality Chemical Treatment Direct Filtration 7 Ion Exchange Ion Exchange Resins Ion Affinity Resin Bead Structure Particle Size and Size Distribution Resin Capacity Resin Regeneration Backwash Regenerant Addition Slow Rinse Fast Rinse Counter-Current Regeneration Resin Types Strong Acid Cation Weak Acid Cation Strong Base Anion Weak Base Anion Resin Management Expected Length of Service Annual Resin Analysis Annual Regeneration Profile Monitoring Service Performance Chemical Cleaning Resin Storage Ion Exchange Equipment Configurations Softening

Dealkalizing Primary Demineralizing Mixed-Bed Demineralizing Packed Bed Units Water Use Optimization Strategies System Optimization Water Recovery 8 Membrane Separation Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Technologies: Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis Filtration Basic Membrane Terminology Membrane Modules Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Electrochemically-Driven Membrane Separation Process: Electrodeionization/Continuous Electrodeionization Theory of Operation Membrane Modules Pretreatment Cleaning Monitoring and Troubleshooting

Section 3.2 Applications—Steam Generation 9 Boiler Systems Steam Generation Condensate Steam or Condensate Losses Makeup Concentration by Evaporation Blowdown Feedwater

Mathematical Relationships Blowdown and Makeup Cycles of Concentration Mass Balance Equations Optimizing the Water Balance Thermodynamic Properties of Steam Terminology Boilers Boiler Classifications Boiler Types Boiler Ratings Boiler Circulation 10 Oxygen Removal Corrosion Mechanisms Mechanical Deaeration Ionization Relative Partial Pressure Temperature Agitation Gas Removal Pressure Deaerators Primary Preheating Section Basic Principles of Mechanical Deaeration Using Pressure Deaerators Spray Deaerator Tray Deaerator Atomizing Deaerator Operating Considerations for Pressure Deaerators Deaerating Heater Proper Venting of Pressure Deaerators Mixing Condensate and Makeup Pressure Deaerator Problems Vacuum Deaerators Deaerating Condensers

Feedwater Tanks Gas Transfer Membranes Activated Carbon Catalysis Ion Exchange Resin Catalysis Chemical Oxygen Scavengers Sodium Sulfite Hydrazine Carbohydrazide Erythorbate Diethylhydroxylamine Methylethylketoxime Hydroquinone Monitoring and Control Background Monitoring and Control Tools At-Temperature ORP Monitoring 11 Boiler Feedwater Treatment Hardness Scale Silica Scale Iron Deposits The Problem with Iron Iron Deposition Mechanism Sources of Iron Polymers and Iron Control Iron Control Effects of Boiler Scale Internal Chemical Treatment Programs Phosphate Residual Programs—Low Pressure Industrial Systems Phosphate-Polymer Programs Phosphate Programs—High Pressure Industrial Systems Chelates and Chelate-Polymer Programs All-Polymer Programs 12 Turbines

Turbine Mechanics Turbine Problem Areas 13 Condensate Systems Causes of Condensate System Corrosion Carbon Dioxide Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in Steam Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Plus Oxygen Ammonia Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Process Contamination and Organic Acids Methods of Condensate Corrosion Inhibition Neutralizing Amines Filming Amines Oxygen Scavengers/Metal Passivators Minimizing the Effect of Contaminated Condensate System Design and Maintenance Evaluating Results Why Treat Condensate?

Section 3.3 Applications—Cooling Water Systems 14 Cooling System Dynamics Mechanical-Operational-Chemical Survey Concepts Survey Data Analysis Heat Transfer Heat Exchangers Calculations and Measurements Effects of Corrosion and Deposits Types of Cooling Water Systems Once-through Cooling Water Systems Closed Recirculating Systems Open Recirculating Systems 15 Cooling Water Deposition

Consequences of Deposition The Scale Formation Process Solubility Is an Equilibrium Process Nucleation and Scale Formation Factors Affecting Scale Formation Predicting Scale Formation Fouling Deposition Suspended Particle Interactions Suspended Solids Deposition Processes Cooling Systems Deposits Calcium Carbonate Calcium Sulfate Silica and Silicates Calcium Phosphate Zinc Deposits Calcium Polyphosphates Calcium Phosphonates Iron Silt Manganese 16 Cooling System Corrosion Corrosion of Materials in Cooling Systems Carbon Steel Copper Alloys Stainless Steel Galvanized Steel Nonmetallic Materials The Corrosion Process in Cooling Systems The Local Cell Model Anodic Reactions Cathodic Reactions Secondary Reactions Galvanic or Electrochemical Series The Role of Oxygen in Corrosion

Polarization and Corrosion Rates Passivity and Immunity Factors Influencing Corrosion Water Chemistry Dissolved Gases Halogens and Other Oxidizers Temperature Flow Velocity System or Spatial Configuration Factors Deposits Types of Corrosion Uniform Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Localized Corrosion Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Stress Corrosion Cracking 17 Cooling Water Biology Sources of Biological Problems in Cooling Water Systems Consequences Microorganisms Found in Cooling Systems Bacteria Algae Protozoa Fungi Factors Affecting Microbial Growth Suitable Conditions Biofilms Formation and Growth Biofilm Advantages to the Microbes Problems Associated with Biofilms Determining the Bacterial Population of Cooling Water 18 Cooling Water Monitoring Deposition Monitoring Heated Tube Deposit Monitors

Pressure Drop Microbial Fouling Monitors Real-Time Deposit Monitoring Corrosion Monitoring Corrosion Coupons Electrochemical Corrosion Monitoring Corrosion Product Monitoring Biological Growth Monitoring Lab Methods Field Methods Online Biological Monitoring 19 Cooling Water Treatment and Control Deposit Control Methods Deposit Inhibitor Mechanisms Examples of Deposit Inhibitors Corrosion Control Methods Corrosion Inhibitor Mechanisms Examples of Corrosion Inhibitors Biological Control Methods Oxidizing Biocides Nonoxidizing Biocides Biodispersants and Biodetergents Macrofouling Control Cooling Water Treatment Programs Stabilized Phosphate Programs All-Organic Programs Alkaline Zinc Programs Alkaline Phosphate Programs Molybdate Programs Non-Phosphorous Programs Nonchemical Devices

Section 3.4 Applications—Water Safety for Building Water Systems

20 Legionella and Legionellosis The Disease Legionnaires’ Disease Symptoms Susceptibility Pontiac Fever Variant First Identified Outbreak Other Outbreaks The Bacteria Occurrence Conditions for Growth and Proliferation Sources of Risk Risk of Disease 21 Water Management Programs for Engineered Water Systems Managing the Risk: Regulatory Position and Global Guidance General Management Considerations Assessment of Risk Growth Risk Aerosol Risk Human Risk Manage the Risk: Water Management Program Water Management Program for Cooling Systems Control Scheme for Hot and Cold Potable Water Systems Records Other Risk Systems Consequence of Outbreak Training Conclusion

Section 3.5 Applications—Post-Treatment 22 Primary Effluent Treatment Clarification by Sedimentation

Forms of Solids in Effluent Sedimentation Phenomena Mass Loading Clarifier Hydraulic Capacity Temperature Clarifier Operating Principles Sludge Bed Depth Measurement Influent Flow Control Chemical Treatment Types of Sedimentation Clarifiers Circular Clarifiers Rectangular Clarifiers Parallel Plate and Tube Clarifiers Drag Separator Oil/Water Separators Flotation Clarification The Dissolved Air Flotation System Types of DAF Systems Operating Parameters Pressurization Systems Flotation Cell Float Removal Control Plant Flows Induced Air Flotation (IAF) 23 Secondary Effluent Treatment General Principles of Secondary Treatment Basic Methods of Secondary Treatment Principles of Biological Waste Treatment Important Microorganisms Bacterial Growth Biological Treatment Control Parameters Activated Sludge Process Activated Sludge Process Equipment Activated Sludge Process Control Concepts

Nutrient Removal in Activated Sludge Aerated Lagoons Significant Operational Control Parameters Stabilization Ponds Pond Classification Rotating Biological Contactors Trickling Filters Principles of Operation Sludge Reduction Process Anaerobic Systems Anaerobic Sludge Digestion Anaerobic Treatment Membrane Bioreactors MBR Process MBR Limitations Microbial Foulants 24 Tertiary Effluent Treatment Disinfection Chlorination Chlorination Processes in Effluent Treatment Dechlorination Disinfection By-products Solids Removal Ammonia Reduction Ammonia Stripping Selective Ion Exchange Breakpoint Chlorination Phosphate Removal Aluminum Treatment Iron Treatment Calcium Treatment Organics Removal 25 Heavy Metal Removal Regulatory Issues

Sources of Metals Chemistry of Metals Ionic Strength Chelation Effects Metal Removal Operational Factors Equipment Methods Chemical Methods Associated Pretreatment 26 Sludge Manipulation Sludge Thickening Gravity Thickening Flotation Thickening Rotary Drum Thickener Gravity Table Thickeners Centrifugal Thickening Sludge Dewatering Nature of Sludge Belt Filter Press Centrifugation Vacuum Filters Screw Presses Plate-and-Frame Filter Presses Drying Beds 27 Emulsion Treatment Theory of Emulsions Oily Waste Waste Oil Emulsion Treatment Separation Equipment Oil-in-Water Emulsions Water-in-Oil Emulsions 28 Wet Gas Scrubbers

Particle Collection Concepts Particulate Emissions Principles of Operation Categorizing Wet Scrubbers Gas Absorption Scrubbers Wet Particle Scrubbers Wet Electrostatic Precipitators Waterside Problems Waste Treatment Auxiliary Equipment Selected Gas Scrubbing Systems SOx Removal from Flue Gas

Section 4 Energy in Water Systems 29 Energy Use in Effluent Systems Energy Utilization in Effluent Treatment Motors Variable Control Devices Aeration Aeration Equipment Aeration Control and Monitoring Preliminary and Primary Effluent Treatment Secondary Effluent Treatment Suspended Growth Processes Fixed Film Tertiary Effluent Treatment Processes 30 Energy in Cooling Systems Financial Impact of Inefficient Heat Rejection Cooling Tower Thermal Performance or Thermal Capability Cooling Tower Performance Problems Air-Side Thermal Performance Issues Water-Side Thermal Performance Issues Cooling Tower Energy Balance

Reliability Issues Cooling Tower Performance Testing Cooling Tower Acceptance Testing Cooling Tower Performance Audit 31 Energy in Steam Systems Energy Basics for Steam Systems Enthalpy Steam Quality Boiler Efficiency Definitions Input–Output or Direct Method Heat Loss or Indirect Method Comparison of Methods Heat Transfer Surfaces Multiple Boilers Alternate Fuels Reduce Steam Demand Reduce Boiler Blowdown Recover Blowdown Heat Flash Tank Optimize Condensate Recovery Reduce System Pressure Optimize Turbine Operation

Section 5 Industries 32 The Paper Industry Industry Profile Virgin Fiber Production Wood Yard Operations Groundwood Pulping Thermomechanical Pulping Chemical Pulping—Kraft Process Chemical Pulping—Non Kraft

Recycled Pulp Production Deinking and Secondary Fiber Use Pulp Bleaching Stock Preparation Paper Machine Operations Paper Machine Headbox Paper Machine Wet End Paper Machine Press Section Paper Machine Dryer Section 33 The Power Industry Energy Conversion The Power Cycle Water: The Working Fluid Factors Affecting Chemical Treatment Water Chemistry in Fossil-Fuel Plants—Liquid Phase Steam Phase Problems Water Chemistry in Nuclear Plants Blowdown Control Condenser Cooling Water Ash Handling Systems Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater and Discharge 34 The Oil Field Industry Theory of Oil Formation A Few Basics about Petroleum Accumulations of Petroleum Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Reserves Petroleum Production Oil Dehydration Improved Recovery Techniques Hydraulic Fracturing Oil Shale Bitumen Recovery from Surface Mining Upgrading Bitumen and Heavy Oil to Produce Synthetic

Fuels The Nature of Oilfield Waters Total Dissolved Solids Suspended Solids Dissolved Gases Problem-Causing Bacteria Residual Oil Mineral Scales Mineral Scales in Water Injection Systems Mineral Scales in Steam Injection/Thermal Systems Corrosion Water Injection Systems Steam Injection/Thermal Systems Bacteria Control Raw Water, Utility, and Cooling Water Systems Automation and Control of System Chemistry Recycle and Reuse Produced Water Transportation and Storage 35 The Refining Industry Refining Process Operations Utility Systems Cooling Water Systems Waste Treatment Systems 36 The Chemical Industry Process Cooling Is a Major Water User Process Flow Sheets Ammonia and Fertilizers Environmental Effects 37 The Aluminum Industry Mining Bauxite Processing

Many Uses for Water Aluminum Reduction Frequent Feeding Necessary Exhaust Gases Metal Fabrication 38 The Steel Industry Blast Furnace Operations Exhaust Gas Treatment Steel Production Basic Oxygen Process Electric Arc Furnace Process Open-Hearth Process Direct Reduction Processes Continuous Casting Hot Mill Rolling Operation Cold Rolling Mills Recirculating System Once-Through System Heat Treatment Sintering Acid Pickling Slag Plant Utilities 39 The Institutional and Commercial Sectors Heating Systems Steam Boilers Hot Water Systems Cogeneration Systems Heating System Efficiency Air Conditioning Systems Vapor-Compression Units Steam-Absorption Units Unique Chiller Design and Operating Characteristics Cooling System Treatment

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