Water Treatment Plant Design, 4th Edition PDF

Preview

Summary

WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN American Water Works Association American Society of Civil Engineers Edward E, Baruth, Technical Editor Fourth Edition McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto he M c G r a w - H ...

Description

Accelerat ing t he world's research.

Water Treatment Plant Design, 4th Edition selemun hagos

Related papers

Download a PDF Pack of t he best relat ed papers 

[American Wat er Works Associat ion, American Societ (Bookos.org) ozi hat ake

Drinking Wat er Treat ment Plant Design 4t h Edit ion (2004) Ant on Makarov Guidelines for t he Design, Const ruct ion and Operat ion of Wat er and Sewerage Syst ems Abdi Gut a

WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN American Water Works Association American Society of Civil Engineers

Edward E, Baruth, Technical Editor

Fourth Edition

McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

he M c G r a w - H i l l Companie:

Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress

Copyright © 2005, 1998 by American Water Works Association and American Society of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyright © 1990 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. The first edition was published in 1969 by American Water Works Association. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

DOC/DOC

0 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4

ISBN 0-07-141872-5 The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry S. Hager, the editing supervisor was Stephen M. Smith, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by Matrix Publishing Services. The art director for the cover was Handel Low. At A WWA: Mary Kay Kozyra, editor; B. J. Crooks, administrative assistant. Printed and bound by RR Donnelley. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill Professional, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ("McGraw-Hill") from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

CONTRIBUTORS

Jerry L. Anderson, P.E. CH2M HILL, Louisville, Kentucky (Chap. 15, App. A) Thomas E. Arn Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona (Chap. 27)

Stephen F. Baker MWH, Broomfield, Colorado (Chap. 25) Peter J. Barthuly Barthuly Hydraulics & Pumping Engineering, Inc., Burlington, Massachusetts (Chap. 16) Robert A. Bergman, P.E. CH2M HILL, Gainesville, Florida (Chap. 13) Richard D. Brady Richard Brady & Associates, San Diego, California (Chap. 14) Michael V. Broder Hazen and Sawyer, PC, New York, New York (Chap. 9)

John C. Byron Stearns & Wheler, LLC, Cazenovia, New York (Chap. 9) Kevin Castro

Stearns & Wheler, LLC, Cazenovia, New York (Chap. 8)

Ronald F. Cilensek CH2M HILL, Alexandria, Virginia (Chap. 26) Darryl J. Corbin MWH, Dallas, Texas (Chap. 23)

Christine A. Cotton, P.E. Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Tucson, Arizona (Chap. 29) Paul J. Delphos HDR Engineering, Inc., Norfolk, Virginia (Chap. 6) John E. Dyksen Black & Veatch, Oradell, New Jersey (Chap. 5) Ralph T. Eberts Black & Veatch, Los Angeles, California (Chap. 19)

Doug B. Elder, P.E. Black & Veatch, Olathe, Kansas (Chap. 11) Steven N. FoeUmi Black & Veatch, Irvine, California (Chap. 4) R. Gary Fuller HDR Engineering, Inc., Denver, Colorado (Chap. 3) George P. Fu|ton Hazen and Sawyer, PC, New York, New York (Chap. 2) John Gasser

Oakland, California (Chap. 27)

Michael C. Gottlieb ResinTech, Inc., West Berlin, New Jersey (Chap. 12)

Leland L. Harms Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri (Chap. 11) James C. Hesby Black & Veatch, Concord, California (Chap. 10) Michael B. Horsley Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri (Chap. 11)

Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D,, P.E., D.E.E, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Columbus, Ohio (Chap. 29) Philip C. Kennedy CDM, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Chap. 24)

Dave Kubel Westin Engineering, Rancho Cordova, California (Chap. 20) Thomas J. Lane Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Jackson Heights, New York (Chap. 1)

Gary Logsdon Retired, Lake Ann, Michigan (Chap. 8) ix

CONTRIBUTORS

X

Stephen R.

CDM, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Chap. 8)

Martin

Brian E. Peck

South Orange County Wastewater Authority, Dana Point, California (Chap. 17)

Richard A. Rohan, P.E. Jerry S. Russell

MWH, Houston, Texas (Chap. 25)

Carollo Engineers, PC, Phoenix, Arizona (Chap. 17) Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri (Chap. 19)

Todd F. Schellhase

John E. Spitko, Jr., P.E. Boucher & James, Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania (Chap. 22) Robert A. Stoops 28)

Springfield Water & Sewer Commission, Springfield, Massachusetts (Chap.

Paul D. Swaim, P.E. George M. Wesner

J a n e W. Wheeler John H. Wiedeman

CH2M HILL, Englewood, Colorado (Chap. 29) Consulting Engineer, San Clemente, California (Chap. 6)

CDM, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Chap. 24) Wiedeman & Singleton, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia (Chap. 21)

John F. Willis CDM, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Chap. 7) John M. Winslow AMRIC Associates, Ltd., East Syracuse, New York (Chap. 30) Phillip C. Zimmerman Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, New York (Chap. 18)

PREFACE

Design of water treatment plants is evolving. New technologies and unit processes continue to emerge and have become much more common since publication of the third edition of Water Treatment Plant Design 7 years ago. Security issues, summarized in a new chapter in this fourth edition, have forever redirected many aspects of design. Additional reference materials for security design considerations are becoming available and should be consulted for further information. Equipment design continues to broaden, yet sources of manufactured products have become more consolidated in the past 7 years. This new edition contains numerous revisions of illustrations and photography; however, not all new technologies or equipment offerings are represented. The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) are interested in obtaining input from readers on how to facilitate the future exchange of information on equipment. Alternatives such as Web-based links are being considered to better provide needed product information to the design community. The first version of Water Treatment Plant Design was published in 1939 as a manual of engineering practice for the ASCE. In 1969, the manual assumed book form and was updated to include a discussion of developments in pretreatment and filtration processes. The 1969 edition was the result of a joint effort between committees of the ASCE, the AWWA, and the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers (CSSE). The second edition was produced in 1990 through a joint effort of the A W W A and the ASCE. The material for each chapter was prepared by one or more authors and reviewed by a joint committee of A W W A and ASCE members. The third edition, published in 1998, was a joint A W W A and A S C E effort and was essentially a complete rewrite of the previous edition. The information presented in the book was prepared as a guide and represented a consensus of opinion of recognized authorities in the field. A steering committee made up of members from both associations guided the revision process. Updates to this fourth edition provide significant new information on many important topics. Authors from engineering firms and water utilities throughout North America have revised the chapters and written the two new chapters on UV technologies and security. Providing support to the chapter authors was a significant base of volunteer reviewers. Due to the ability of the authors to distribute drafts of their chapters electronically to large numbers of prospective reviewers, it became apparent that the attempt to accurately name all reviewers would result in inadvertent omissions. Therefore a general acknowledgment and thanks to all reviewers is hereby offered. Guiding the development of the entire fourth edition was a dedicated joint A W W A / A S C E steering committee. The members of this committee were C. Michael Elliott (Chair), Steams & Wheler, LLC Bruce E. Burris, HDR Engineering, Inc. Anthony J. Geiss, Jr., Onondaga County Water Authority

xi

xii

PREFACE

Arthur D. Kney, Ph.D., Lafayette College Hal Wiedeman, Wiedeman & Singleton, Inc. Ian P. D. Wright, P.Eng., Associated Engineering Group, Ltd.

CONTENTS

Contributors Preface xi

ix

Chapter 1. The Challenge of Water Treatment Plant Design Thomas J. Lane

1.1

Today's Challenges / 1.2 Development of Water Treatment Design Projects / 1.4 The Purpose of This Text / 1.5 Bibliography / 1.6

Chapter 2. Master Planning and Treatment Process Selection George P. Fulton

2.1

The Master Plan / 2.1 Water Quality Goals / 2.4 Treatment Options / 2.9

Chapter 3. Design and Construction

R. Gary Fuller

3.1

Preliminary Design / 3.1 Final Design / 3.5 Construction Assistance / 3.10 Bibliography / 3.12

Chapter 4. Intake Facilities

Steven N. Foellmi

4.1

Intake Features / 4.1 Types of Intake Systems / 4.3 Intake Design / 4.15 Intake Design Considerations / 4.21 Racks and Screens / 4.31 Bibliography / 4.34

Chapter 5. Aeration and Air Stripping Uses of Aeration/Air Stripping / 5.1 Types of Aeration/Air Stripping Equipment / 5.2

iii

John E. Dyksen

5.1

iv

CONTENTS

Principles of Air Stripping and Aeration / 5.8 Design of Aeration/Air Stripping Processes / 5.10 Pilot Testing / 5.22 Bibliography / 5.24

Chapter 6. Mixing, Coagulation, and Flocculation

Paul J. Delphos

and George M. Wesner

6.1

Definitions ! 6.1 The Coagulation Process / 6.2 Coagulation and Membrane Technology / 6.5 Design of Chemical Mixing / 6.6 Flocculation Process Design / 6.14 Process Monitoring and Control / 6.23 Bibliography / 6.25

Chapter 7. Clarification

7.1

John F. Willis

Conventional Clarification Design / 7.1 High-RateClarification / 7.22 Solids Contact/Slurry Recirculation Units / 7.28 Sludge Blanket Clarification / 7.32 Dissolved Air Flotation / 7.36 Contact Clarification / 7.40 Bibliography / 7.43

Chapter 8. High-Rate Granular Media Filtration

Kevin Castro,

Gary Logsdon, and Stephen R. Martin

8.1

Mechanism of Filtration / 8.2 Design Considerations / 8.2 Filter Design Criteria / 8.36 Filter Operation and Maintenance / 8.37 Bibliography / 8.41

Chapter 9. Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth Filtration Michael V. Broder and John C. Byron

9.1

Slow Sand Filtration / 9.2 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration / 9.16 Bibliography / 9.29

Chapter 10. Oxidation and Disinfection Regulatory Framework / 10.2 Chemical Oxidation Treatment / 10.10 Chlorination / 10.13 Chlorine Dioxide Systems / 10.34 Ozone Disinfection Systems / 10.39 Bibliography / 10.59

James C. Hesby

10.1

CONTENTS

Chapter 11. Lime Softening

Michael B. Hor$1ey, Ooug B. Elder, P.E.,

and Leland L. Harms

11.1

Water Hardness and Softening Treatment / lI.1 Pretreatment / 11.5 Lime Softening Processes / 11.6 Softening Process Basins / 11.13 Special Lime Softening Design Considerations / 11.16 Future Trends in Softening / 11.19 Bibliography / 11.19

Chapter 12. Ion Exchange Applications in Water Treatment 12.1

Michael C. Gottlieb Introduction / 12.1 The Ion Exchange Process / 12.6 Cation Exchange Process / 12.9 Anion Exchange Processes / 12.12 Demineralization / 12.30 Basics of Equipment Design / 12.32 Regeneration Methods / 12.33 Boundaries between Suppliers, Consultants, and Users / 12.53 Future Trends in Ion Exchange / 12.54 Bibliography / 12.54

Chapter 13. Membrane Processes Robert A. Bergman, P.E.

13.1

Types of Membrane Processes / 13.1 Membrane System Components and Design Considerations / 13.8 Membrane Unit Design / 13.25 Other Membrane Process Design Considerations / 13.41 Bibliography / 13.48

Chapter 14. Activated Carbon Processes Richard D. Brady

14.1

Characteristics of Activated Carbon / 14.1 Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Facilities / 14.4 Design of Granular Activated Carbon Facilities / 14.9 Regeneration of Granular Activated Carbon / 14.33 Bibliography / 14.37

Chapter 15. Chemicals and Chemical Handling Receiving and Storing Process Chemicals / 15.1 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems / 15.17 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions / 15.41 Recent Trends in Chemical Handling and Use / 15.50 Bibliography / 15.53

Jerry L. Anderson, P.E.

15.1

CONTENTS

Vi

Chapter 16. Hydraulics Peter d. Barthuly

16.1

Hydraulic Design / 16.1 Head Loss Types and Calculations / 16.5 Hydraulic Design Hints / 16.11 Ancillary Hydraulic Design / 16.13 Bibliography ! 16.15

Chapter 17. Process Residuals

Brian E. Peck end Jerry S. Russell

17.1

Sludge Types, Quantities, and Characteristics / 17.4 Process Residual Disposal Methods / 17.9 Residuals Disposal Regulatory Requirements / 17.12 Design Considerations and Criteria / 17.16 Residuals Handling Considerations / 17.58 Additional Information Sources / 17.67 Acknowledgment / 17.68 Bibliography / 17.68

Chapter 18. Architectural Design Philip C. Zimmerman

18.1

The Role of the Architect in Water Treatment Plant Design / 18.1 Facilities Design / 18.5 Construction Alternatives and Building Material Selection / 18.14 Design Standard-Promulgating Organizations and Organizations Offering Design Recommendations / 18.17

Chapter 19. Structural Design

Ralph T. Eberts and Todd F. Schellhase

19.1

The Design Process / 19.1 Structural Design Considerations / 19.2 Design of Basins, Vaults, Large Conduits, and Channels / 19.10 Buildings and Superstructures / 19.12 Bibliography / 19.13

Chapter 20. Process Instrumentation and Controls Dave Kubel

20.1

Process and Operational Control Strategies / 20.2 Control System Design / 20.15 Instrumentation / 20.30 Bibliography / 20.42

Chapter 21. Electrical Systems John H. Wiedeman Introduction / 21.1 Codes and Standards / 21.1 Electrical Distribution Systems / 21.3 Transformers / 21.4 Motors and Controllers / 21.5

21.1

vii

CONTENTS Lighting / 21.8 Lightning Protection ! 21.9 Power Factor Correction / 21.10 Acceptance Testing / 21.10 Maintenance / 21.11

Chapter 22. Design Reliability Features John E. Spitko, Jr., P.E.

22.1

Introduction / 22.1 Reliability and Redundancy Concepts / 22.1 Overall Water Supply System Reliability / 22.3 Design Concepts / 22.5 Design Principles and Practices / 22.8 Operation and Maintenance / 22.14 References / 22.15

Chapter 23. Site Selection and Plant Arrangement Darryl J. Corbin

23.1

Water Treatment Plant Site Selection / 23.1 Arrangement of Water Treatment Plant Facilities / 23.22 Bibliography / 23.36

Chapter 24. Environmental Impact and Project Permitting Philip C. Kennedy and Jane W. Wheeler

24.1

Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Construction / 24.1 Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Operations / 24.5 Project Permitting / 24.12 Integration of Environmental Issues and Regulatory Compliance into Plant Design, Construction, and Operation / 24.16 Bibliography / 24.18

Chapter 25. Operations and Maintenance Considerations during Plant Design Richard A. Rohan, P.E., and Stephen F. Baker

25.1

Design Considerations for Plant Operations and Maintenance / 25.1 Preparing a Plant for Start-Up / 25.18

Chapter 26. Water Treatment Plant Construction Cost Estimating Ronald F. Cilensek Introduction / 26.1 Level of Estimates / 26.2 Estimating Methodologies / 26.4 Special Cost Considerations / 26.6 Finalizing the Cost Estimate / 26.8 Bibliography / 26.10

26.1

viii

CONTENTS

Chapter 27. Operator Training and Plant Start-Up

Thomas E. Arn

and John Gasser

27,1

Training and Start-Up Considerations / 27.1 Design-Phase Training / 27.2 Construction-Phase Training, Start-Up, and Post-Start-Up / 27.5

Chapter 28. Pilot Plant Design and Construction

Robert A. Stoops

28.1

Paul D. Swaim, P.E., Christine A. Cotton, P.Eo, and Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., D.E.E.

29.1

Pilot Plant Studies / 28.2 Pilot Plant Design / 28.3 Pilot Plant Construction / 28.21 Bibliography / 28.25

Chapter 29. Ultraviolet Disinfection

Principles of UV Disinfection / 29.2 Applications for UV Disinfection / 29.6 UV Disinfection Equipment / 29.8 Water Quality and Treatment Effects on UV Disinfection / 29.15 UV Disinfection Facility Planning, Design, and Project Implementation / 29.19 Construction, Testing, Start-Up, and O&M / 29.35 Potential Regulatory Requirements for UV Disinfection in North America / 29.38 Validation Testing / 29.43 Bibliography / 29.45

Chapter 30. Water Treatment Plant Security

John M. Winslow

30.1

Water Quality / 30.2 Barriers / 30.2 Electronic Security Systems / 30.3 CCTV / 30.5 Procedures / 30.6 Bibliography / 30.7

Appendix A. Properties and Characteristics of Water Treatment Chemicals Jerry L. Anderson, P.E.

A.1

Appendix B. Abbreviations Commonly Used in the Water Industry

B.1

Index follows Appendix B

CHAPTER 1

THE CHALLENGE OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN Thomas J. Lane Malcom Pirnie, Inc. Jackson Heights, New York

When water treatment engineering first evolved in the early part of the twentieth century, its main goal was to ensure that infectious organisms in drinking water supplies were removed or inactivated. Chlorination and filtration practices were applied with tremendous success to the point that major death-causing waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States were virtually eliminated by the 1930s. As a result, for engineers trained in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, both education and industry belief was that all concerns of microbiological contamination in surface waters could be eliminated by providing filtration (with suitable pretreatment) to produce water of sufficient clarity (turbidity less than 1.0 o...