Free English Grammar Book Level 1 PDF

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Summary

Free English Grammar Book Level 1...

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Basic English Grammar for ESL Students

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Table of Contents Present Simple: To Be There is / There are Possessives Articles: A, An, The This, That, These, Those Present Simple Can / Can't / Have to / Don't Have to Prepositions: In, At, On Past Simple: To Be Past Simple: Regular Verbs Past Simple: Irregular Verbs Present Continuous Present Simple or Continuous? Countable and Uncountable Future with Going To Comparative Adjectives Superlative Adjectives Adverbs Present Perfect: Verb be Present Perfect: Other Verbs Present Perfect or Past Simple?

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Welcome! Espresso English has simple, clear, practical English lessons to help you learn grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, spoken English, and more. You can sign up for free e-mail lessons at EspressoEnglish.net.

To learn even faster, check out our e-books and courses focusing on specific areas of English learning.

I hope you enjoy this book – if you have any questions, you can e-mail me at [email protected]

Shayna Oliveira EspressoEnglish.net

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Present Simple: Be Positive: I am

I’m

from Japan.

you / we / they are

you’re / we’re / they’re

from Brazil.

he / she / it is

he’s / she’s / it’s

from India.

Negative: I am not

I’m not

married.

you / we / they are not

You’re not / You aren’t We’re not / We aren’t They’re not / They aren’t

happy.

he / she / it is not

He isn’t / He’s not She isn’t / She’s not It isn’t / It’s not

a student.

Question: Am

I

beautiful?

Are

you / we / they

a teacher?

Is

he / she / it

tall?

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Present Simple: Be Name: • I’m Joanna. • He’s Paulo. • They’re Aki and Yuta. Country / Nationality: • • • •

I’m from the U.S. I’m American. My husband is from Italy. He’s Italian. She’s not Korean, she’s Vietnamese. Are they from Australia?

Age: • • • •

I’m 27 years old. How old are you? She’s 15. My mother is 65 years old.

Emotions: • • • •

I’m sad. She’s excited. You’re angry. We’re happy.

Jobs: • • • •

I’m not a student. I’m a teacher. Are you a doctor? He’s a journalist. They’re artists.

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Quiz: Present Simple: Be 1) We _________ from Canada. A. am B. isn’t C. aren’t

2) My parents _____ divorced. A. am B. are C. is

3) I___ tired. A. 'm B. 're C. 's

4) Where _____ you from? A. is B. am C. are

5) ____ your brother tall?

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~7~ A. Am B. Are C. Is

6) Sarah _____ married. A. 'm not B. 're not C. 's not

7) Bob and Tony _____ my cousins. A. am B. are C. is

8) _____ the food at this restaurant good? A. Am B. Is C. Are

9) My apartment _____ very small. A. is B. am C. are

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10) Kate: "Are you thirsty?" Joe: "No, ________." A. I aren’t B. I’m not C. you’re not

11) He's _______ a good student. A. aren’t B. isn’t C. not

12) You ______ beautiful. A. is B. not C. ‘re

13) How old _____ you? A. are B. is C. am

14) She ____ 29 years old.

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~9~ A. ‘m B. ‘re C. ‘s

15) Jennifer and I __________ students. A. am not B. aren’t C. isn’t

Answers on the next page

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~ 10 ~ Quiz Answers: Present Simple: BE 1) C - aren't 2) B - are 3) A - 'm 4) C - are 5) C - is 6) C - 's not 7) B - are 8) B - is 9) A - is 10) B - I'm not 11) C - not 12) C - 're 13) A - are 14) C - 's 15) B - aren't

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There is / There are Singular

Plural

(+) There’s a bed in the room.

There are two pillows on the bed.

(-) There isn’t a mirror in the bathroom.

There aren’t any windows in the bedroom.

(?) Is there a table? Are there any chairs? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

There’s a bed in the room. There are two pillows on the bed.

Is there a table? Yes, there is.

Is there a window? No, there isn’t.

Are there any chairs? Yes, there are. Are there any plates? No, there aren’t.

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Possessives NOUN

POSSESSIVE

EXAMPLE

I

my

My name is Sandra.

you

your

What’s your name?

he

his

His name is John.

she

her

Her computer is fast.

it

its

My car is old, so its engine isn’t powerful.

we

our

Our apartment is in the city center.

they

their

My parents sold their house.

Mary

Mary’s

Mary’s phone number is 555-4321.

Joe

Joe’s

Joe’s favorite color is green.

the boy

the boy’s

The boy’s clothes are dirty.

friends

friends’

My friends’ names are Patrick and Gloria.

cat

cat’s

My cat’s name is Ginger.

country

country’s

My country’s flag is red, white, and blue.

Don’t confuse its (possessive) with it’s (contraction for “it is”)! • • • •

The cat ate it’s food The cat ate its food. Its illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol. It’s illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol.

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Quiz – Possessives 1) Dan and Benny were late to _______ first high school class. A. his B. its C. their 2) “Do you know what ___________ favorite band is?” "I'm not sure, but I think she likes rock music." A. its B. Maria’s C. John’s 3) Good news! Brian passed __________ driving test! A. his B. her C. your 4) “Have you been to any of the restaurants on Main Street?” "No. __________ prices are too high." A. my B. its C. their 5) I can't eat Thai food. _________ too spicy for me. A. Is B. It’s C. Its 6) I don't feel well. __________ stomach hurts. A. I’m B. my C. your

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~ 14 ~ 7) My friend and I drive to work together because _________ offices are in the same neighborhood. A. its B. our C. their 8) I think you'll love the new television - _____ screen is huge! A. its B. his C. your 9) Mary was ____________ mother. A. Jesu’s B. Jesus’ C. Jesus’s 10) My ____________ toys are quite expensive. A. children’s B. childrens’ C. childrens’s 11) We had a lot of cold days in January, but _____________ weather should be warmer. A. Februarys B. Februaries C. February’s 12) My sister lost _________ glasses. Now she can't see anything! A. his B. her C. your 13) These ______________ keyboards are broken.

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~ 15 ~ A. computer’s B. computers’ C. computers’s 14) Where did you go on __________ last vacation? A. you B. your C. you’re 15) My brothers and __________ wives live in Portland. A. his B. our C. their

Answers on the next page

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~ 16 ~ Quiz Answers: Possessives 1) C - their 2) B - Maria's 3) A - his 4) C - their 5) B - It's 6) B - my 7) B - our 8) A - its 9) B - Jesus' 10) A - children's 11) C - February's 12) B - her 13) B - computers' 14) B - your 15) C - their

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Articles: A, An, The

I’m going to eat an apple.

a / an

general (one of many)

I’m going to eat the green apple.

I want to buy a car. He’s eating an apple. Do you have a bike? She is an old woman. I’m reading a book.

the

specific (one specific)

Tokyo is the capital of Japan. The new Chinese restaurant is very good. We like the blue car. The girl in the red dress is beautiful. I’m reading the new book by J.K. Rowling.

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Articles: A, An, The Use “an” if the word starts with the sound of a, e, i, o, u: • • • • • •

an an an an an an

apple egg ice cream shop open door umbrella hour (the “h” is silent)

Use “a” if the word starts with the sound of any other sound: • • • • • • •

a a a a a a a

ball jacket hat tree uniform (the “u” is pronounced like “yu”) water bottle yellow shirt

Do not use “the” with countries or cities: • I live in the China. I live in China. Do not use “the” with things in general: • She likes the pizza. She likes pizza. She likes the pizza from Tony’s Restaurant. (specific)

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Quiz: A, An, The Complete the sentences with A, AN, THE, or --- if no article is needed. 1) Leonardo is ______ actor. A. a B. an C. the D. ---2) Jim plays _____ basketball after school. A. a B. an C. the D. --3) My new office has ______ window. A. a B. an C. the D. --4) There's ______ problem with the equipment. A. a B. an C. the D. --5) ______ only light in the classroom isn't working. A. a B. an C. the D. ---

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6) He has _____ interesting job. A. a B. an C. the D. --7) We've been to _____ France three times. A. a B. an C. the D. --8) _____ light blue jeans I bought yesterday are too small. A. A B. An C. The D. --9) Martha hates _____ vegetables. A. a B. an C. the D. --10) My friend said it was _____ best movie of the year. A. a B. an C. the D. --11) I have _____ idea! A. a B. an www.espressoenglish.net

~ 21 ~ C. the D. --12) Bob has _____ great idea for a new product. A. a B. an C. the D. --13) I have _____ uncle who lives in Florida. A. a B. an C. the D. --14) Sally is _____ tallest girl in the class. A. a B. an C. the D. --15) They're going to see ______ show at _____ theater on Main Street. A. a / --B. the / a C. a / the D. the / ---

Answers on the next page

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~ 22 ~ Quiz Answers: A, An, The 1) B - an 2) D 3) A - a 4) A - a 5) C - the 6) B - an 7) D 8) C - the 9) D 10) C - the 11) B - an 12) A - a 13) B - an 14) C - the 15) C - a/the

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This, That, These, Those This

1 thing – near

That

1 thing – far

These

2+ things – near

Those

2+ things – far

This apple is green.

That apple is red.

These books are new.

Those books are old.

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Present Simple: Positive Use the present simple for things that happen regularly or things that are generally true. I / you / we / they

work

he / she / it

works

Examples: •

I work in a bank.

•

He works at the university.

•

We work every day.

•

My sister works at the hospital.

Special Case #1 For verbs that end in consonant + –y, we remove the –y and add –ies: • I study English at school. • Dana studies English at school. • Bill studys English at school Other verbs like this include: cry, try, fly, carry Special Case #2 For verbs that end in -o, -sh, -s, -ss, -ch, -x, we add -es. • They go to English class on Wednesday. • She goes to cooking class on Saturday. • She gos to cooking class on Saturday. Other verbs like this include: watch, kiss, teach, fix

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Quiz: Present Simple Positive 1) My brother _______ to college in New York. A. go B. goes C. gos 2) I ___________ to play tennis. A. like B. likes C. like’s 3) My friends ____________ to school every day. A. walk B. walks C. walkes 4) Peter _________ to the news on the radio. A. listen B. listens C. listen’s 5) Clara and Robert _____________ English at night. A. studies B. study C. studys 6) The baby __________ when he is hungry. A. cries B. cry C. cryes 7) Their apartment __________ very nice!

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~ 26 ~ A. look B. look’s C. looks 8) We _________ our house every Sunday. A. clean B. cleans C. cleanes 9) Joe ________ two big black dogs. A. has B. have C. haves 10) Susan ___________ lots of TV. A. watch B. watchs C. watches 11) I always _________ tired when I first wake up. A. feel B. feels C. feeles 12) Both Clara and Marina ________ long hair. A. has B. have C. haves

Answers on the next page

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~ 27 ~ Quiz Answers: Present Simple Positive 1) B - goes 2) A - like 3) A - walk 4) B - listens 5) B - study 6) A - cries 7) C - looks 8) A - clean 9) A - has 10) C - watches 11) A - feel 12) B – have

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Present Simple: Negative Use the present simple negative for things that are not generally true. I / you / we / they he / she / it

don’t

like

doesn't

like

Examples: • • • •

I don't like coffee. John doesn't like pizza. John and David don't like milk. My mother doesn't like to travel.

Common Errors 1) In the present simple negative, do not add -s: • Martha doesn't likes to dance. • Martha doesn't like to dance. 2) Other common errors: • Pete no like bananas. • Pete not like bananas. • Pete doesn’t like bananas.

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Quiz: Present Simple: Negative 1) I ____________ this movie. A. doesn’t understand B. don’t understand C. no understand 2) Jackson ______________ how to cook. A. doesn’t know B. don’t know C. not know 3) My aunt and uncle _____________ any children. A. don’t has B. don’t have C. doesn’t have 4) Martin _____________ Chinese. A. doesn’t speak B. don’t speak C. no speaks 5) We _______________ in Europe. A. doesn’t lives B. doesn’t live C. don’t live 6) My sister _________ happy. A. doesn’t be B. isn’t C. not 7) Carla ___________ early.

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~ 30 ~ A. doesn’t wake up B. don’t wake up C. doesn’t wakes up 8) Bill and Diane ___________ to the dentist often. A. isn’t go B. not go C. don’t go 9) You _________ every day. A. does studies B. don’t studies C. don’t study 10) My son ____________ TV. A. doesn’t watches B. doesn’t watch C. isn’t watch 11) They ___________ that's a good idea. A. not think B. doesn’t thinks C. don’t think 12) My boyfriend and I _________; we take the bus. A. doesn’t drive B. don’t drives C. don’t drive

Answers on the next page

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~ 31 ~ Quiz Answers: Present Simple Negative 1) B - don't understand 2) A - doesn't know 3) B - don't have 4) A - doesn't speak 5) C - don't live 6) B - isn't 7) A - doesn't wake up 8) C - don't go 9) C - don't study 10) B - doesn't watch 11) C - don't think 12) C - don't drive

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Present Simple: Questions Use present simple questions to ask about things that happen regularly or things that are generally true. Do

I / you / we / they

live in a city?

Does

he / she / it

live in a city?

Examples: ▪

Do you live in Brazil?

▪

Does Adam live in England?

▪

Do they live in a big house?

▪

Does she live near the beach?

Common Errors 1) In questions, don't use -s: • Does she lives close to the beac h? • Does she live close to the beach? 2) Don’t forget DO or DOES: • Clara live in a big city? • Does Clara live in a big city?

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Quiz: Present Simple Questions Complete each sentence with Do or Does. 1) _________ you have any brothers and sisters? 2) _________ we watch too much TV? 3) _________ they do any exercise? 4) _________ Larissa play a musical instrument? 5) _________ he work in an office? 6) _________ your children talk on the phone a lot? 7) _________ your mother know how to use a computer? 8) _________ she have a car? 9) _________ Tom and Larry play baseball? 10) _________ she listen to classical music? 11) _________ I need to pay for the extra class? 12) _________ your friends like to swim? 13) _________ Joan watch TV at night? 14) _________ your father work on weekends?

Answers on the next page

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~ 34 ~ Quiz Answers: Present Simple Questions 1) Do 2) Do 3) Do 4) Does 5) Does 6) Do 7) Does 8) Does 9) Do 10) Does 11) Do 12) Do 13) Does 14) Does

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Present Simple: Answering Yes/No Questions • Do you have a dog? Yes, I do. / No, I don't • Do I look fat in these jeans? No, you don’t! • Does John speak Italian? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. • Does she like rock music? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. • Do we watch too much TV? Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. • Do they understand English? Yes, they do. / No, they don't.

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Can / Can’t / Must / Mustn’t Have to / Don’t have to Can

= It’s OK

Can’t / Mustn’t

= It’s not OK

Have to / Must

= It’s necessary / obligatory

Don’t have to Doesn’t have to

= It’s not necessary / obligatory (it’s optional)

(must / mustn’t are more formal)

You can ride your bike here.

You can’t smoke here. You mustn’t smoke here.

FREE FOOD! You have to stop here.

You don’t have to pay

You must stop here.

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Prepositions: In, At, On

The cat is in the box.

The cat is on the table.

TIME

IN

Months

PLACE Cities and countries

• In January

• In Tokyo

• In October

• In Japan

Seasons

Rooms and buildings

• In the summer

• In the kitchen

• In the spring

• In the supermarket

Years

Closed spaces

• In 2004

• In the car

• In 1986

• In a park

Periods of the day • In the morning • In the evening (exception: at night)

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ON

TIME

PLACE

Dates and days

Transportation

• On Monday

• On the bus

• On February 14th

• On a bike • On the train (exception: in a car) Surfaces • On the table • On the wall

AT

TIME

PLACE

Times

Contexts / Events

• At 6:00

• At school

• At half past three

• At work

• At noon

• At a party

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Quiz: IN, ON, AT Complete each sentence with in, on, or at. 1. "Are you workin...