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PR29Chapt erRev i ewPr opagandaandPer s uas i on6eJowet t&O’ Donnel l Chapt er#1 Ni r mal aSi ngh,Gabr i el l eDagost i no,Gy uj i nHwang,Er i nMas t er s on,Kel l yBl ac k Keyt akeaway s 1.Pr opagandai saf or m ofcommuni c at i ont hatat t empt st oac hi ev ear es ponset hat f ur t her st hedesi r edi nt entoft hepr opagandi s t .I tmeanst odi s semi nat eor pr omot epar t i c ul ari deas . 2.Per s uas i oni si nt er ac t i v eandat t empt st os at i s f yt heneedsofbot hper s uaderand per s uade.Per s uas i onat t empt st oev ok eas pec i ficc hangei nt heat t i t udesor behav i or sofanaudi ence. 3.Thr eemai nt y pesofpr opagandaar ewhi t e,bl ac kandgr ey . Defi ni t i ons 1.Agi t at i vepr opaganda–at t empt i ngt or ous eanaudi enc et oc er t ai nendsand us ual l yr es ul t i ngi ns i gni fic antc hange 2.Whi t epr opaganda–c omesf r om as our c et hati si dent i fiedc or r ec t l y ,andt he i nf or mat i oni nt hemes saget endst obeacc ur at e 3.Bl ackpr opaganda–whent hes our c ei sconceal edorc r edi t edt oaf al s e aut hor i t yands pr eadsl i es ,f abr i cat i ons ,anddec ept i ons 4.Gr eypr opaganda–t hes our cema yormaynotbecor r ec t l yi dent i fi ed,andt he ac cur ac yoft hei nf or mat i oni sunc er t ai n.Us edt oembar r as sanenemyor compet i t or . 5.Deflect i vesour cemodel–t hepr opagandi st( P)c r eat esadeflec t i v es our c e ( P1) ,whi c hbec omest heappar ents our c eoft hemes sage( M) .Ther ec ei v er( R) per c ei v est hei nf or mat i onascomi ngdi r ec t l yf r om P1anddoesnotas s oc i at ei t wi t ht heor i gi nal pr opagandi s t( P) Theor y 1.Pr opaganda–t oi dent i f yames s ageaspr opagandai st os ugges ts omet hi ngi s negat i v eanddi s hones t .Sy nony msf orpr opagandai ncl ude,l i es ,di s t or t i on, dec ei t ,mani pul at i on,mi ndcont r ol ,br ai nwas hi ng,orps y c hol ogi c al war f ar e.  I ti sus edt oc onv eyani deol ogyt oanaudi enc ewi t har el at edobj ec t i v e  “ Mas sSugges t i on”ori nfl uenc et hr oughmani pul at i onors ymbol sand ps y c hol ogyoft hei ndi v i dual 2.Per suasi on–r es ul t si nar eac t i ons uc has“ Inev ers awi tt hatwa ybef or e. ”  Tr ans act i onal andr ec i pr oc al pr oc es swher ebot hpar t i esar edependenton oneanot her  Seek sv ol unt ar yc hange-bot hpar t i esper c ei v et hechangeduet o per s uas i onasmut ual l ybenefi c i al  Thr eedi ffer entf or msofr es pons e:Res pons es hapi ng,Res pons e Rei nf or c i ng,Res pons eChangi ng Anal y z i ngc har ac t er i s t i cs( s y mbol s,i mages ,f or ms,k eyel ement s )

1.Pr opaganda–I ti s“t ot al ” Pr opagandamus tbet ot al .Thepr opagandi s tmus tut i l i z eal l oft het ec hni cal meansathi sdi s pos al –t hepr es s,r adi o,TV,mov i es ,pos t er s ,meet i ngs ,and door t odoorc anv ass i ng.Moder npr opagandamus tut i l i z eal l oft hes emedi a. Ther ei snopr opagandaasl ongasonemak esuse,i ns por adi cf as hi onandat r andom,ofanews paperar t i c l eher e,apos t erorar adi opr ogr am t her e,or gani z es af ewmeet i ngsandl ec t ur es ,wr i t esaf ews l ogansonwal l s;t hati snot pr opaganda. I tAi msatI r r at i onalAct i on–t heai m ofmoder npr opagandai snol ongert o modi f yi deas ,butt opr ov ok eac t i on.I ti snol ongert oc hangeadher encet oa doc t r i ne,butt omak et hei ndi v i dual c l i ngi r r at i onal l yt oapr oc es sofac t i on.I ti sno l ongert ol eadt oac hoi c e,butt ol oos ent her efl ex es .I ti snol ongert ot r ans f or m anopi ni on,butt oar ous eanact i veandmy t hi cal bel i ef . 2.Per suasi on–di ffer enc ebet weenpr opagandai st hedel i v er ymet hod.I n per s uas i ont hec anv as s i ngpar t yt ak esmor et i meandeffor tt omak ehi spoi nt s cl earandconv i nc i ng.I nc ont r as t ,pr opagandi s tr es or t st oal l s hor tf or mst or eac h peopl e. I nt er es t i ngquot ei nt heChapt er 1.Pr opaganda“ Pr opagandai sanar tr equi r i ngs peci al t al ent .I ti snotmec hani c al , sc i ent i ficwor k .I nfl uenc i ngat t i t udesr equi r esex per i enc e,ar eak nowl edge,and i ns t i nc t i v ej udgementofwhati st hear gumentf ort heaudi ence.Nomanual c an gui det hepr opagandi s t .Hemus thav eagoodmi nd,geni us ,s ens i t i v i t y ,and knowl edgeofhowt hataudi enc et hi nk sandr eact s . ” 2.Per suasi on“ Amanmustk nowt het r ut habouteac hpar t i c ul arofwhi c hhe speak sorwr i t es … Nott i l l t hencandi s c our sesbear t i s t i casf arasi tl i esi nt he nat ur eoft hei rgenust obemades o,t obec ont r ol l edbyar tf ort hepur pos eof i ns t r uct i onorper s uas i on. ”

PR 29 Chapter Review Propaganda and Persuasion 6e Jowett & O’Donnell CHAPTER # 2 (Propaganda Through the Ages) Team #2 Student Names: Frank, Megan, T.J., Hayley, Maria Key Take -aways 1. Throughout history societal leaders have used forms of propaganda in order for wide scale support of their agenda or campaign, whether it be political or religious. This can be seen as early as Alexander the Great in Ancient Greece, the Christian Crusades of the Middle Ages, and as technology progressed the American Revolution.

2. Fear, image and symbol use are extremely effective tactics of propaganda. This can be seen in sculpture art in imperial Rome, strategic photographs of Napoleon and Hitler, or the “Join or Die” cartoon by Benjamin Franklin. 3. Propaganda can be a great effort in supporting positive social/societal change. Sam Adams organization of the Boston Tea Party in 1773 before the American Revolution was a staged event in order to increase hostility the colonies had towards Great Britain. Definitions 1. Omnipresence – the property of being present everywhere. 2. Message Dissemination – broadcasting of a message on a wide scale. 3. General Public Paranoia – enhances public fear to contribute to attitudinal changes on a mass scale. 4. Reformist- a person who advocates for gradual reform rather than abolition or reformation. 5. Proselytism- attempting to convert someone to ones own religion using persuasion

Analyzing characteristics (symbols, images, forms, key elements) a. Susceptibility- throughout history propaganda efforts have been so successful with instilling philosophy, culture, and changing behavior in people because of their willingness to accept the information being disseminated. Alexander the great was able to conquer others because of their own political vacuum. b. Images/Symbols- coins, sculptures, cartoons paintings, photographs – where they are places, who they come in contact with, how the person or idea is portrayed (Napoleon/Hitler as tall powerful and godlike, the colonies broken up into a snake) c. Forms – Images, Print (Thomas Paine’s common sense, novels), advertising to promote the purchase of products or specific ideas, Internet, events (such as the boston tea party)

Interesting quote in the Chapter 1. Propaganda: “… not all propagandistic messages are negative but are often aimed at some positive social or political purpose” (pg 70). 2. Persuasion: “many techniques developed to persuade customers to purchase products were later adopted by other propagandists” (pg 103). This shows that propagandists use persuasion when the target audience and the propagandist can mutually benefit from

what is being presented. Purchasing a product may benefit the consumer and the source or propagandist if the consumer finds a need to purchase it.

PR 29 Chapter Review Propaganda and Persuasion Jowett & O’Donnell Chapter # 3 Key take-aways 4. The growth of mass media and improvements in transportation led to the development of mass audiences for propaganda. 5. Mass media includes print, movies, radio then television all gave to new techniques of propaganda. Radio most importantly brought the possibility of international propaganda. The other forms increased the problem of “cultural imperialism”, (one nations culture is imposed on another nations) 6. Advertising has become the most persuasive form of propaganda in modern society and is now dispersed on a global scale Definitions 1. Penny Press- newspapers were cheap, tabloid-style newspapers mass-produced in the United States from the 1830s onwards. Mass production of inexpensive newspapers became possible following the shift from hand-crafted to steam-powered printing. 2. Advertising- is a series of appeals, symbols ad statements deliberately designed to influence the receiver of the message toward the pot of view desired by the communicator and to act in some specific way as a result of receiving the message, whether it be to purchase, vote, hold positive of negative views or merely maintain a memory. 3. Motivational Research- an advertising research technique in he postwar period. It use in depth interviews to try to understand the psychological basis for consumer behavior. 4. Subthreshold Effects- described attempts to insinuate messages to people past their conscious guard. Later became more commonly know as “subliminal advertising.” 5. International Broadcasting- broadcasting that is deliberately aimed at foreign audience rather than a domestic audience. Theory Persuasion –The New Audience: *New forms of communication meant new historical occurrence – the mass audience *Information began to spread widely in short periods of time *Penny press became result of gradual shift from selling newspapers monthly or annually- this meant information came available much more often *Penny press nurtured the audience’s interest in local events and everyday occurrences *As a result, the public quickly began to depend on daily information with now competing voices/sources Propaganda – Institutional Propaganda

*The intestinal use of media in which government agencies and outlets, churches, schools and textbooks use to forward an agenda

Analyzing characteristics (symbols, images, forms, key elements):

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The use of new propaganda/persuasion tactics though the use of technology Finding new effective ways to persuade key audiences. The importance of propaganda through word of mouth. Schools, churches, and places of work.

Interesting quotes in the Chapter: “The existence of this shared experience made it possible for propaganda to work, for propaganda can be successful only when it is targeted toward specific groups without having to diffuse the message through a variety of channels.” “Thus, newspapers, movies, radio, and television have all been, and continue to be, used for the dissemination of propaganda, and advertising is now the most prevalent form of propaganda in our society.” Group 4 Jena Bitsko Alyssa Esteves Colene Loos Tine Lolland Gabby Lewis Key Takeaways 1. It seems safe to say that communication effects are the greatest when the message is in line with relevance, existing options, beliefs, disposition of the receivers. 2. When change does occur, it does so as the result of a multitude of factors, including the mass media, socially contextual conditions, group interaction, the presence and influence of opinion leaders, and the perceived credibility of the source of coursed of the message 3. The way we maintain consistency of attitudes and behaviors has an economical aspect that gives a propagandist the advantage.

Definition 1. Opinion Leader- An opinion leader is a well-known individual or organization that has the ability to influence public opinion on the subject matter for which the opinion leader known. 2. Wartime Propaganda- deliberate, systematic, and an attempt to shape perceptions, manipulates cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. 3. CPI- The Committee on Public Information, also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. 4. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion examines centralized processing of information for attitude formation on the basis of a persons motivation to do so, as well as the persons abilities to engage in message- and issue- related thinking. 5. Subjective expected utility model- that suggests when faced with behavior choices, people tend to choose the alternative that has the highest expected utility, thus action in their own interests. Theory 1. Magic bullet or hypodermic needle theory- a model of communications suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver. 2. Consistency theory- focuses on the affects of inconsistencies motivating people to react 3. Agenda setting theory- describes the "ability [of the news media] to influence the salience of topics on the public agenda.” 4. Spiral of silence theory- to refer to the tendency of people to remain silent when they feel that their views are in opposition to the majority view on a subject.

5. Dependency theory- notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. 6. Theory of observational learning- links behavior and behavior change to modeling that people observe in their homes, among their peers, and in mass media, including the internet. 7. Uses and gratifications theory- focuses on what the receiver does with the media. 8. Theory of exposure learning- describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. 9. Uses and dependency theory- Shows societal systems and media systems interacting with audiences to create needs in individuals. 10. Social judgment theory- develops the concept of the direction of an attitude and also examines the level of ego involvement. 11. Inoculation theory- Focuses on a strategy analogous to physical immunization against disease. 12. Mass Communications theory- an outcome of World War I propaganda efforts, the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Theory came into existence. It propounded the

view that the mass media had a powerful influence on the mass audience and could deliberately alter or control peoples' behavior. 13. Theory cognitive dissonance- generated by Leon Festinger. He said once a person has made an important decision, she or he is in a committed state. Analyzing Characteristics Propaganda Results indicated that two sided messages produced greater attitude change then the one died message  The more educated respondents were more affected by the two sided message  Where the less educated recruits were more responsive to the one sided messages Persuasion  Social Psychology- the study of attitudes  Mass media is considered a common denominator from which questions of behavior and attitude change were to be studied Interesting quotes 1. “Paul Lazarsfeld, professor of sociology at Columbia University and head of the Bureau of Applied Social research, along with other behavioral scientists, produced “Research in communication” in 1940” (185). 2. “The benchmark for the initiation of sociobahavioral experiments in the area of attitude change, communication, and the acquisition of factual knowledge from instructional media came from studies conducted by a group of distinguished social and behavioral scientists who had been enlisted into service by the U.S. Army. Working within the information and education division of the war department, the research branch assisted the army with a variety of problems involving psychological measurement and evaluation of programs” (187).

PR 29 Chapter Review Propaganda and Persuasion 6e Jowett & O’Donnell CHAPTER # 5 Team # 5 Student Names: Julie Abbruzzese, Brandon Cheney, Miranda Freilich, Victoria Pratt, Jacklyn Stringham Key Take -aways 1. Propaganda is an essential element in warfare. 2. Nazis achieved their greatest propaganda success with radio 3. Propaganda makes use of emotions to influence thoughts and behaviors. Definitions 1. Atrocity Propaganda- The most significant feature of World War I propaganda. Often called “hate propaganda.” Atrocity stories concentrated on three types of cruelties; massacre,

mutilation, and the mistreatment of both soldiers and civilian populations by starvation or actual torture. 2. American Isolationism- (Following the outcome of WWI) American people turning inward, away from the conflict in Europe, and wanting to make America and its success first priority 3. The Volksempfänger- a cheap, one-channel radio set produced by the Nazi government for the masses; eventually introduced compulsory installation of radios with loudspeakers in restaurants, factories, and most public places 4. Brainwashing- A synonym for propaganda. Chinese communist leader Mao Tsetung had used the term as early as 1929 to achieve mind control. But, there’s conflicting scientific evidence that it is a psychological concept. 5. Public Diplomacy-deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies, it encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy; the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another; the reporting of foreign affairs, and its impact on policy; communication between those whose job is communication as diplomats, and foreign correspondents; and the process of intercultural communication.

Theory Propaganda1. Hitler’s classic propaganda ploy: he was able to both demoralize the Jews and mobilize hatred against them, thus providing a justification for his political and social policies. 2. British Propaganda: Britain used a direct personnel approach to enlist sympathy and support from countries not involved in World War I. Distinguished Britons allowed their names to be used in British propaganda. This led to neutral countries receiving a flood of propaganda materials. 3. American Propaganda: The work of two agencies; the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and Propaganda Section of the American Expeditionary Forces. American military propaganda activities concentrated on morale and surrender leaflets. 4. (In the monthly bulletin, Propaganda Analysis and within the article “How to

Detect Propaganda”) In 1937, “ABCs of Propaganda Analysis” -Name-Calling -Glittering Generality -Transfer -Testimonial -Plain Folks -Card Stacking -Bandwagon

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5. “Hearts and Minds” battle on South Vietnam from the US. The first

American attempt to integrate the psychological aspect of foreign policy. Two objectives: 1. To abolish support of communist regime in North Vietnam 2. Win the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese and support for a pro- democratic and nationalistic South Vietnam. Persuasion- No persuasion

Analyzing characteristics (symbols, images, forms, key elements) Propaganda: 1. Hitler understood the importance of strong visual symbols in his propaganda (Swasticka, square-jawed pure Aryan Nazi storm trooper, anti-Semitic images of large-nosed Jews) 2. Annual Nazi Party rallies in Nuremburg were centerpieces for the public affirmation of Nazi mythology. They were calculated to create a strong emotional resonance of patriotic hysteria in the German people. 3. The emphasis on truth-an extremely powerful propaganda weapon; by the end of the war 4. Fear of death appeal: US propaganda used in Vietnam to influence the Viet Cong. Leaflets were created to depict dead soldiers, some decapitated, to help stop the fight Persuasion: No persuasion

Interesting quote in the Chapter 3. Propaganda “The artist creates his own world out of nothing. Hitler took the existing world and tried to turn it into his own. His dream was to create a culture-state in which Germans were to listen to music he liked, attend operas he loved, see paintings and sculptures he collected and admire the buildings he constructed. This was to be his legacy….” 4. Persuasion No persuasion

PR 29 Chapter Review Propaganda and Persuasion 6e Jowett & O’Donnell CHAPTER # 6 Team # 6 Student Names: Janae Finlator, Sam Fare, Erica Harms Chapter 6: How to Analyze Propaganda

Pages 313-331 Key Take–aways 1.Verbal symbolization can also create a sense of power. The use of language associated with authority figures such as parents, teachers, heroes, and gods renders authority to that ...