Fundamentals of Fourth Edition Fourth Edition SAFETY SAFETY HEALTH HEALTH and and PDF

Title Fundamentals of Fourth Edition Fourth Edition SAFETY SAFETY HEALTH HEALTH and and
Author Maruf Raju
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Summary

Govern ment Institutes Fundamentals of Occupational SAFETY and HEALTH Fourth Edition Mark A. Friend and James P. P. Kohn Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health Fourth Edition Mark A. Friend and James P. Kohn Government Institutes An imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Tor...


Description

Govern ment Institutes

Fundamentals of

Occupational

SAFETY HEALTH and

Fourth Edition Mark A. Friend and James P. P. Kohn

Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health Fourth Edition

Mark A. Friend and James P. Kohn

Government Institutes

An imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2007

Published in the United States of America by Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.govinstpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright  2007 by Government Institutes All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The reader should not rely on this publication to address specific questions that apply to a particular set of facts. The author and the publisher make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the completeness, correctness, or utility of the information in this publication. In addition, the author and the publisher assume no liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon the contents of this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friend, Mark A. Fundamentals of occupational safety and health / Mark A. Friend and James P. Kohn.—4th ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-86587-171-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-86587-171-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Industrial safety—United States. 2. Industrial hygiene—United States. I. Kohn, James P. II. Title. T55.F75 2007 363.11—dc22 2006026205

 ⬁ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of

American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America.

To the Eternal Memory of James P. Kohn Colleague, Teacher, Father, Husband, Friend His legacy is not only the decades of service he gave to the safety and health profession, the many current and future safety professionals who have and will benefit from his work, and the workers whose lives and health he has helped protect, but the many hearts he touched.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii xix xxi xxiii xxv

Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health . . . . . . . . Safety Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers’ Compensation and Recordkeeping . . . . . . . . . . Safety-Related Business Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accident Causation and Investigation: Theory and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to Industrial Hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ergonomics and Safety Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire Prevention and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managing the Safety Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psychology and Safety: The Human Element in Loss Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improving Safety Performance with Behavior-Based Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workplace Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terrorism Preparedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction Safety and the Multiemployer Worksite Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Required Written Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resources on Safety and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 CFR 1910—OSHA General Industry Standards Summary and Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 CFR 1926—OSHA Construction Standards Summary and Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthropometric Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 21 43 59

425 453

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

463

Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Chapter 9. Chapter 10. Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Chapter 13. Chapter 14. Chapter 15. Chapter 16. Chapter 17. Chapter 18. Appendix A. Appendix B. Appendix C.

v

75 101 127 159 183 215 233 253 281 305 317 341 365 381 403

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABOUT THE AUTHORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 1

xix xxi xxiii

INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

1

Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupational Safety and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importance of Occupational Safety and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Early Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health Ancient Greek and Roman Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The European Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution . . . . Terms and Concepts in the Safety Profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job Titles of Individuals Performing Occupational Safety and Health Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Safety and Health Professional’s Role and Responsibility . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 2 3 4 4 5 8 10 11 18 18 18 18

SAFETY LEGISLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legislative History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupational Safety and Health Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Who Is Covered? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OSHA Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Origin of OSHA Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horizontal and Vertical Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding the OSHA Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Requirements of the Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer Responsibilities and Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inspection Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Citations and Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 21 21 24 25 27 27 28 28 29 30 31 32 34

Chapter 2

vii

viii / Table of Contents Appeals Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OSHA-Approved State Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standards Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NIOSH and OSHRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 41

Chapter 3 WORKERS’ COMPENSATION AND RECORDKEEPING . . . . . Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Early Workers’ Compensation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modern Workers’ Compensation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premium Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experienced Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retrospective Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self-Insured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recordkeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Who Must Keep Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OSHA 300, 300A, and 301 Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recordable Occupational Injuries and Illnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . First Aid Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Privacy Concern Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Posting Annual Summary Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 43 43 43 45 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 51 51 51 55 56 56 56 57 57 58 58

SAFETY-RELATED BUSINESS LAWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Important Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Role of the Safety Professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59 59 60 64

Chapter 4

Table of Contents / ix Product Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product Safety Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theories of Product Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lawsuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5

65 65 66 68 69 71 72 72 73

ACCIDENT CAUSATION AND INVESTIGATION: THEORY AND APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Concepts of Risk, Incidents, and Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accident Causation Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Factor Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domino Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heinrich’s Domino Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bird and Loftus’ Domino Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marcum’s Domino Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Causation Accident Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Factors Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Systems Theory of Causation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psychological/Behavioral Accident Causation Theories . . . . . . Goals Freedom Alertness Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motivation Reward Satisfaction Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human Factors Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy-Related Accident Causation Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Release Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incident Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75 75 78 82 82 83 83 86 86 88 88 89 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 98 99 99 99

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE . . . . . . . . . . . .

101

Chapter 6

Burton R. Ogle, Ph.D., CIH, CSP, and Tracy L. Zontek, Ph.D., CIH, CSP

Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Is Industrial Hygiene? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Do We Mean by the ‘‘Art’’ of Industrial Hygiene? . . . . .

101 102 103 104

x / Table of Contents What about the Science of Industrial Hygiene? . . . . . . . . . . . . What Are the Health Hazards That the IH Is Charged with Recognizing, Evaluating, and Controlling? . . . . . . . . . . . . . History of Industrial Hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Routes of Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acute and Chronic Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification of Toxic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxicity versus Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precautionary Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Hygiene Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

105 106 107 108 109 110 111 114 114 115 115 118 121 123 123 124

ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . .

127

Chapter Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of the Term ‘‘Ergonomics’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ergonomics Is Multidisciplinary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ergonomics Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applying Ergonomics: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applying Ergonomics: In Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operator-Machine Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . People Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthropometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification of Body Movement, Postures, and Positions . . . . . . Physiological Categories of Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abduction/Adduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circumduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flexion/Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neutral Plane/Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supination/Pronation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operational Categories of Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional Characteristics of the People Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative Trauma Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carpal Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127 127 128 129 129 129 130 131 131 132 132 135 136 136 141 141 141 141 141 142 142 143 143 144

Chapter 7

105

Table of Contents / xi Cubital Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tendonitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tenosynovitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CTD Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machine Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workplace Layout and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....


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