Fundamentals of Instructional Design - Book PDF

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Fundamentals of Instructional Design A Beginner’s Guide

Maria Peter

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Copyright@2017 by Maria Peter No part of this user guide may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recoding or by any information storage and retrieval systems, without permission on writing from the Publisher. Cover art@2017 by Maria Peter Printed in Canada PrintMe Printers http://www.printmedesign.ca/ Notice The author have taken care in the preparation of this book but make no expressed or implied warranty of nay kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information.

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Contents

What is Instructional Design ........................... 3 The Key Building Blocks of Instructional Design ................................... 3

Development Methodology .............................. 5 ADDIE Model .................................................................................. 5

Learning Theories ............................................ 17 Behaviorism ................................................................................... 17 Cognitivism .................................................................................... 18 Constructivism ................................................................................ 19

Andragogy and Pedagogy ................................ 21 Andragogy or Adult Learning Principles............................................... 21

Cognitive Domain............................................. 27 Cognitive Domain Defined ................................................................ 27

Assessment Strategies..................................... 33 Learning Strategies ......................................... 37 Storytorial ...................................................................................... 37 Scenario Based Learning .................................................................. 38

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Active Learning Approach ................................................................. 39 Gamification and Game Based Learning .............................................. 39

Audio Strategies .............................................. 41 Development Tools .......................................... 43 Learning Management Systems ....................... 47 Design to Development.................................... 49 A Scenario...................................................................................... 49 The Project’s Life Cycle .................................................................... 50

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This lifetime is not adequate enough to express my gratitude to my family and friends who have been supportive to finish this task. SOURCES Adult Learning Principles http://infed.org/mobi/andragogy-what-is-it-and-does-it-help-thinking-about-adult-learning/ http://www.ispringsolutions.com/blog/what-does-malcolm-knowles-know-about-adultlearning-theory/ Audio strategy http://www.kineo.com/resources/top-tips/learning-strategy-and-design/using-audio-in-elearning https://community.articulate.com/articles/how-to-use-audio-in-e-learning Cognitivism http://teachinglearningresources.pbworks.com/w/page/31012664/Cognitivism https://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html Constructivism https://www.learning-theories.com/constructivism.html http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Constructivism http://teachinglearningresources.pbworks.com/w/page/19919544/Constructivism Development methodologies http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2516e/i2516e.pdf https://www.pcmag.com/roundup/348022/the-best-elearning-authoring-tools https://blog.elucidat.com/elearning-authoring-tools/ http://www.capterra.com/course-authoring-software/ eLearning development tools https://elearningindustry.com/the-ultimate-list-of-html5-elearning-authoring-tools Gamification vs. Game based learning http://www.ispringsolutions.com/blog/?s=pedagogy https://elearningindustry.com/70-20-10-methodology-competency-models-for-learning-anddevelopment-part-1 LMS https://elearningindustry.com/the-20-best-learning-management-systems https://www.learndash.com/20-most-popular-learning-management-systems-infographic/ https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2488347,00.asp Pedagogy https://www.britannica.com/science/pedagogy Type of learners https://blog.prezi.com/the-four-different-types-of-learners-and-what-they-mean-to-yourpresentations-infographic/

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W HAT

IS I NSTRUCTIONAL D ESIGN

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1

I

nstructional Design (ID) is the systematic development of instructional materials for learners from various sectors of industry including financial services, defense, aerospace, health care, software, automotive, etc. Instructional Design involves the process of analyzing business goals, learner needs, instructional goals and the development of training materials to meet those needs. Instructional Design goes beyond simply creating instructional materials; Instructional designers carefully considers the following aspects from learners’ perspective to help them achieve their goals: • What is audience learning style. • What is the suitable mode of delivery such as computer based, mobile based, class room based, virtual instructor led or blended. What is the suitable instructional strategy such as case study based, scenario based, story based, gamification or game based learning Let us continue to see the key building blocks of Instructional Design.

THE KEY BUILDING BLOCKS OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN

.................................................... It is essential to understand the significance of various building blocks of ID and how they contribute to the success of eLearning materials. Given below is the list of some of the key building blocks: • Development Methodology • Learning Theories • Andragogy and Pedagogy • Cognitive Domain • Assessment Strategy • Learning Strategies • Audio Strategy • Development Tools

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1

W H AT I S I N S T R U C T I O N A L D E S I G N

The Key Building Blocks of Instructional Design

• Learning Management System With this, let us move ahead to learn about the building blocks of ID.

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D EVELOPMENT M ETHODOLOGY

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A

mongst other design and development methodologies, ADDIE is more prevalent in the eLearning industry. The other methodologies are AGILE SCRUM and SAM. In this guide, we will explore the various phases of ADDIE model only.

.................................................... ADDIE MODEL

ADDIE is an Instructional Design framework that enables learning solution providers to complete the life cycle of an eLearning design and development project in five phases. ADDIE is an acronym for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation, see Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Linear flow approach of the ADDIE model – linear approach ADDIE model follows a cascading approach to ensure that the practitioners complete every phase before proceeding to the next phase of the model. Over a period of time, practitioners revised to make it more design and development friendly. The diagrammatic representation of the evolved ADDIE model illustrates the dynamic and iterative approach of the model’s current stage, see Figure 2.2.

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DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY

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ADDIE Model

Figure 2.2: Non-linear approach of the ADDIE model

Ana lysis The Analysis phase can be considered as the goal-setting stage for every eLearning project. The focus of the design and development team is to have a clear understanding of the following project requirements: 1

Business Goal At this stage, it is important to understand why your customer wants to develop the course. Here’s a glimpse of the list of information that you can gather at this stage: • What are the business (mandate) goals that the customer wants to achieve. • What are the business challenges faced by the customer.

2

Learners Goal (Objective) It is important to analyze learners’ needs from their perspective.Here is a list: • Why the learners are in need of this training session. • What is their current knowledge level. • What is their expected knowledge level.

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ADDIE Model

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• What will be their contribution towards the business goals of the organization. • How the training will be beneficial for the learners from career perspective. 3

Course Objective(s) • What is the terminal learning objective (TLO) of the course. • Will the TLO help the organization and the learners to accomplish their respective goals. • What are the enabling learning objectives (ELOs) and learning objects (LOs).

4

Course Content • Is the raw content adequate enough to accomplish the course objectives. • Does the cognition level of the raw content is in sync with the expected knowledge level in the learners. • Are the required graphics shared; for example, photographs, illustrations, application screenshots, if applicable, or access to stock photo websites.

5

Course Strategy Document • What is the instructional strategy. • What is the visual strategy. • What is the technology strategy.

6

Test Case Development • Is the quality assurance team ready with the test case based on the project requirements.

7

Schedule and Estimation • What is the schedule/plan to complete the entire project life cycle – from project analysis to evaluation. • What is the total effort hours required to complete the project – from ID, graphics, development, quality assurance and project management perspective. Note: Document all the collected details; it is crucial for any project.

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DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY

ADDIE Model

ANALYSIS PHASE DOCUMENTATION Given below is the list of documentations that are usually compiled at this stage: • Project Initiation Document This document summarizes the key information needed to start a project. For example, customer details, subject area to be covered, project launch date, etc. Owner of this document: Business Development • Project Execution Plan This document outlines all the top level activities applicable for a given project. For example, creation of storyboard, user interface (UI), test case, etc. Owner of this document: Project Manager • Customer Requirement Analysis This document is an extensive reference of the collated inputs required to meet the customer’s requirements such as learner profile, business mandate, course objective, multimedia format, graphic and visual strategy, etc. Owner of this document: Business Development and Project Manager • Content Analysis and Learning Map This document presents chunked and sequenced content, learning objectives, information type, instructional strategy and assessment strategy. Owner of this document: Instructional Designer • Risk Register This document is a summary of all the possible risk areas and the proposed mitigation measures for them. This document will be updated on daily/weekly basis to track and mitigate the risks. Owner of this document: Project Manager • Project Schedule This document provides the schedule wherein activities are sequenced in a logical order and assigned dates.

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Owner of this document: Project Manager • Strategy Outline This document captures the proposed top-level product definition, instructional design and visual design strategy along with the required technology inputs for the course. It also captures the various proposed options for the product instances where more than one option needs to be presented for the eventual product. Owner of this document: Instructional Designer, Visual Designer and Technology Lead • Test Case This document provides the details of the test case developed by the QA team based on the requirement of the project. Owner of this document: Quality Assurance Lead Note: Title of every document varies in every organization but the concept of the document remains the same. On completion of this stage, the entire project team will have a clear picture on the expectations of the project and what is their role for successful completion of the project. With this clarity, we will move forward to the next stage of the project development life cycle.

Desig n In the Analysis phase, the information we have collected will help us to have a firm grounding on various crucial aspects of design and development. In this phase, we build on each of them. We will now see how the important decisions are made at this stage. 1

Instructional Strategy In this stage, we should get into the details of instructional strategy. You can accomplish this by: • Chunking and sequencing content. • Mapping chunked content to its cognition level and information type. • Identifying suitable interaction type (active or passive). • Identifying suitable instructional strategy, for instance, whether to use scenario to present conceptual information or not.

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Media Strategy – Audio and Visual • Are we using audio narration. • Are we using female or male voice for audio narration. • What should be the tone of the audio narration – formal or informal. • What should be the age group of the voice over artist's voice. • Look and feel of the course – user interface and slide level visual presentation.

3

Technology Strategy • Are we creating fresh templates or customizing existing templates. • How the course will be developed – Rapid authoring tools, Adobe Flash or HTML5.

4

Evaluation Tools • Prototype of the course should be created to evaluate its functional value.

DESIGN PHASE DOCUMENTATION Given below is the list of documentations that are usually compiled at this stage: • ID Specification Checklist and Style guide. This document has all the inputs, information, specifications from the customer that are to be used as guidelines during storyboarding and courseware development. Owner of this document: Instructional Designer • Prototype Storyboard The prototype storyboard is created using the approved Learning Map. The storyboard will contain the unique instances to be used in the course. Owner of this document: Instructional Designer • Prototype Release/Sign-off This provides a mock-up of the UI and some content screens (Proof of Concept or POC) or a complete learning unit (Prototype).

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Owner of this document: Instructional Designer, Visual Designer and Project Manager • Design Brief Document/Template Library The design brief document provides the complete details about the design specifications to be followed throughout the course. The templates library is a single point repository of various templates which will re-used in the course. Owner of this document: Visual Designer or Project Manager • Technical Implementation Plan This document provides the details of technological aspects to be used in the course. This document captures the details such as SCORM implementation standards, browser compatibilities, platform compatibilities etc. Owner of this document: Technology Lead • Updated Test Case Document This document provides the details of the test case updated by the QA team based on the customer feedback on POC/Prototype. Owner of this document: Quality Assurance Lead The approach in this phase should be very systematic with a logical, orderly process of identification, development and evaluation of strategies which helps to achieve the project’s goals. Especially, every aspect of the instructional design strategy must be executed with attention to detail. Being a stickler for details is vital for the success of the overall project. This systematic approach ensures that the process is followed accurately and the project is delivered successfully.

Develo p m ent In the development phase, the design decisions taken during the previous phases are implemented to create the following: • Storyboards. • Graphics and other assets. While the analysis and design phases requires planning and brainstorming, the development phase is all about integrating all the

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assets to create a functional course. At this stage, it is important to scientifically track and measure the progress aggressively to ensure: 1

We are in sync with the proposed project plan and deliverable dates – Schedule.

2

The project team members are working effectively as a team to deliver the assets and the final deliverable as per the schedule.

3

The project team members are contributing as per their optimal capacity.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE DOCUMENTATION Given below is the list of documentations that are usually compiled at this stage: • Storyboard The Storyboard is created using the approved Learning Map. It details out the instructional representation of the page level content along with notes for the development team. This is available in several formats, for example: Word or PPT; ID team will select one that is best suited for a given project. Owner of this document: Instructional Designer • Highlight Report This report provides up-to-date project status, highlighting issues upfront if there are any, the delivery dates and is used to maintain the history of project in a single document. It gives a holistic view of all project related transactions from kick start to end of project analysis. Owner of this document: Project Manager • QA Log Sheet This log tracks all quality control issues (Logged, Known, Fixed and Open) and the subsequent fixes pertaining to a particular build. Owner of this document: Quality Assurance Lead • Product release (Alpha, Beta and Gold) The predefined chunk of mo...