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2002 - Ecological Dimension Tamburlaine Organic Wine is an Australian winery enterprise that specialises in producing organic and vegan wines from its vineyards and winery in the Hunter Valley region and the city of Orange. Tamburlaine Organic Wine has had to accommodate for the ecological impact that the environment in these regions has on them, as well as it’s impact on the environment in which they operate, including the use of water and energy. Tamburlaine Organic Wine operates in both the region of Hunter Valley (32 S, 151 E) and Orange(33 S 149 E). The Hunter Valley region is located 2 hours North of Sydney in North East NSW. Tamburlaine is the first vineyard in NSW with 12 hectares of vineyard. The region has a maritime climate, with hotter climate in summer and average rainfall of 540mm annually and an elevation of 130m. It is suitable but not the optimal temperate climate for grape growing. Tamburlaine’s operation in Hunter Valley is highly visible due to its proximity to Sydney (2 hours) and is able to access its large wine sales market, as well as attracting tourism. In addition, Tamburlaine also operates in the Central West city of Orange, with 210 hectares of vineyards that are initially cheaper to purchase than Hunter Valley. The purpose behind the large area is that Tamburlaine is therefore able to grow different varieties of grapes, thus increasing their range of wines. The climate in Orange is more temperate, thus more suitable for grape growing, while its volcanic basalt based soil, as well as its high elevation (863m) that allows for a cooler climate, is more optimal for grape growing, Orange relies entirely on dam water to supply its irrigation system. TOW has faced significant environmental impact on their operation, including natural disasters and plant diseases. The severe 2020 bushfire seasons brought smoke taints that contained harmful chemicals/toxins like tar that leaches into the vine and grapes, significantly affecting the health and flavour profile of the wine produced. There was an 80% decrease in Hunter Valley wine production in 2020. However, TOW grows organic grapes that naturally have a thicker skin and does not absorb as much smoke as non-organic grapes, this has allowed Tamburlaine Organic Wine to harvest 1865 tonnes of grapes despite the impact of the bushfires. In addition, natural disasters like hail storms have proven to be detrimental, TOW lost 10% of its grapes due to a hail storm in November 2020. Furthermore, the global temperature has increased by 10 degrees since 1900 and there have been 19 hottest years on record since the year of 2001. Tamburlaine has managed to pursue its operation through the purchase of its Orange site in 1995, which now produces 70% of their grapes since it has a higher elevation and overall cooler climate Fungal diseases such as Botrytis and Powdery Mildew pose risks to harvest due to its ability to stunt bud-burst and growth of vine, While Powdery Mildew has had a significant impact on TOW in 2014. in addition, the high humidity weather in its Hunter Valley site during picking season can increase the rate of transmission of the fungal pores, which results in the reduction of harvest. TOW has addressed the concern by utilising vertical shoot positioning that encourage the vine to grow upwards to access greater airflow and sun protection, thus reducing the risk of fungal diseases. Traditional vineyards use pesticides to kill pests, however, TOW is committed to practice organic grapes growing, therefore TOW attempts to influence the movements of pests by utilising hormonal lures to draw insects away

from the vineyard. Similarly, companion plants such as clover are used to introduce biological control, friendly insects such as ladybird prey on pests and thus reduce the pests. TOW has developed ecologically sustainable techniques to combat the environmental constraints of diseases and pests.TOW has faced a negative impact of natural disasters and plant diseases on its production, however, TOW is able to address the impacts through its organic growing practices. TOW has had both positive and negative impacts on its ecological footprint. The creation of the vineyard meant the removal of native vegetation, which largely reduced the biodiversity of the local area in both HV and Orange. In addition, the reduction of biodiversity also resulted in an increase in runoff and promotes monoculture which resulted in topsoil loss. TOW has made an effort to accomodate the impact by practicing companion planting such as clover and geraniums, that not only restores the biodiversity on its site by encouraging the formation of ecosystems, but also biological pest prevention/control through the introduction of ladybirds . Which reduces TOW’s impact on the environment and pursues its organic grapes growing through the limited use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In times where a pesticide is required, TOW resorts to using organic acid “Slasher” to treat weeds and biodegradable pesticide “DiPel '' to control pests. Grape growing is a water-intensive practice, which could impact the environment, e.g. redirecting river stream for irrigation. TOW has made an effort to reduce its water consumption by using recycled water from the Hunter River/Dam(Orange) to supply its drip irrigation system in vineyards. Which reduces the impact of TOW on the Hunter River and local dams in Orange. Furthermore, the increase in carbon footprint of TOW is detrimental to the environment, as winemaking is intense in its use of electricity for refrigeration and fermentation tanks of wine. TOW has addressed the concerns by investing more than $300,000 on established energy efficient upgrades, including 500 solar panels, and it's “no energy” warehouse that utilise hay bale insulation to minimise the use of electricity to maintain optimal temperature of wine storage, while saving approximately 54% or $160,000 per year on energy use. TOW’s operation is water intensive, thus increasing the business’ carbon footprint and its impact on the environment. TOW has addressed these issues by utilising drip irrigation for its water delivery, which aids by reducing water wastage by minimising evaporation and targeting a plant’s root zone, enhancing efficiency of the watering process. Tamburlaine is also able to increase water retention through mulching, planting companion crops, and recycling grey water through a 2 megalitre aerobic digestion treatment pond, which enriches the nutritious value of the water. If the supply of recycled waste water is insufficient, Tamburlaine has access to water from the Hunter River through their involvement with the Pokolbin Private Irrigation District – a pumping system delivering over 5,000 megalitres to the Hunter Valley each year. Tamburlaine Organic Wine is a private winery that operates in both the region of Hunter Valley and Orange in NSW that is suitable for the growth of wine grapes. TOW’s operation has been significantly impacted by natural disasters and plant diseases; however TOW has been effective in addressing the impacts through implementing different planting techniques. TOW is water and energy intensive, which has large impacts on the local environment, TOW has made an effort to minimise its carbon footprint through the use of established technologies and energy efficient warehouses. 2010 - Global Changes

Tamburlaine Organic Wine is an Australian winery enterprise that specialises in producing organic and vegan wines from its vineyards and winery in the Hunter Valley region and the city of Orange. TOW has had to adapt to the changing factors of political, sociocultural and economic influences. Tamburlaine Organic Wine is a private organic vineyard, winery and cellar door in Pokolbin. TOW was established in 1966 by Dr Lance Allen, today TOW operates in both the region of Hunter Valley(32 S, 151 E) and Orange(33 S 149 E). The Hunter Valley region is located 2 hours North of Sydney in North East NSW. Orange is located in Central West NSW, with 200 ha of land that allows TOW to grow a variety of grapes, thus allowing them to produce a wide range of wine to accommodate its diverse demographic. TOW’s HV site has 12 hectares of vineyard. The region has a maritime climate, with hotter climate in summer and average rainfall of 540mm annually. It is suitable but not the optimal temperate climate for grape growing. Tamburlaine’s operation in Hunter Valley is highly visible due to its proximity to Sydney (2 hours) and is able to access its large wine sales market, as well as attracting tourism. On the other hand, TOW’s Orange operation wines. The climate in Orange is more stable, thus more suitable for grape growing, while its volcanic basalt based soil, as well as its high elevation that has a cooler climate, is more optimal for grape growing, Orange relies entirely on dam water to supply its irrigation system. Tamburlaine currently employs 65 people, and is Australia’s largest organic wine provider with 1400 liters in wine production in 2020. Sociocultural influences have had notable impacts on TOW’s operations. TOW focuses on producing organic and vegan wine, targeting at a emerging niche market, generally younger (age 25 - 45) demographic, TOW is able to reach different markets and demographics through its large area of vineyards in Orange, and its ability to grow different types of grapes and thus produce a diverse selection of wine that accommodates to a wide range of people. In addition, more females are now involved in the decision making process of wine, statistics suggest that 42% of females in Australia drink wine regularly in 2019, which is a significant increase in the past decades. It has caused insignificant impact on TOW, as TOW provides wines that vary in its intensity, sweetness and alcohol concentration. Which accommodates for the emerging demographic of female wine buyers. Moreover, the roll out of vegan fining and clarification agents has allowed TOW to expand its offerings to broader markets and acknowledge the demand of organic and health conscious products via the certification from Australia Certified Organic, as of 2020, TOW has 50,000 members on its online wine subscription list that has impacted TOW positively through strong engagement to its customers who are not within proximity to HV. Furthermore, the 240million hectolitres in wine consumption globally in recent years has moderately impacted TOW, as its purchase of their Orange vineyard that is 200ha allowed it to produce 1487 tonnes of wines in 2019, while factors involving natural disasters that destroyed fruits has had detrimental impact on the production volume of TOW. Even further, TOW HV sites proximity to Sydney has seen an increase in tourism, TOW has responded to the opportunity for reaching a broader market via accommodating functions such as weddings and members events, as well as cellar doors, which is regularly promoted through Destination NSW. Political influences and the changing international relationship has put significant pressure on TOW’s export. In 2019, Australian Wineries such as TOW have achieved a total global export of $2.8bn. In which $1.2 bn is exported to Greater China (including Mainland, Hong Kong and Macau) TOW has dedicated 5% of its total production to China. Australia is China’s largest wine exporter. However, the

removal of ChAFTA due to the political tension of the Australian and the Chinese governments has put significant pressure on TOW’s export to China (5% of its production). The Chinese government justified the increase in wine tariffs as necessary to support its local market and to stop the cheap imports. Whereas the Australian government believes that it is China’s response to Australia’s tightening pressure on the release of information on COVID-19 and its origin. The value of Australian wine export to China has dropped by 10% in December 2020. As a result, TOW has completely terminated its export to China, which has had a negative impact on TOW’s foreign capital. As a result, TOW have had to focus on other markets such as Finland and Nepal. In addition, the impact of COVID -19 and tighten restrictions on wine tasting had further decreased TOW’s productions and sales. TOW has shown resilience by providing stocks to local wholesalers such as LiquorLand, Dan Murphy’s and BWS, in response to its sharp decline in its foreign capital, while its 50,000 members mailing list, targeted at messages and emails has aid TOW on maintaining customer contacts and engagement. Changing Economic factors has changed how TOW operates as a small winery targeted at a niche market of Organic and Vegan Wines. The loosen free trade agreements like CPTPP gives TOW a competitive edge to exporting to countries like Canada, Malaysia and Vietnam. The increase in production due to cheap exportation and differing in sales in each variety of the wine in the 1487 tonnes of wines it produced in 2020 is mediated through TOW’s closely interdependent Human Resource, such as its Viticultural manager and wine maker, that receives information from its sales department, and thus alter the production volume to accommodate demand. In addition, Tamburlain is committed to practice organic and energy efficient production to minimise its ecological footprints, through its $300,000 investment in the use of innovative technologies such as hay insulated warehouse, LED lit barns, solar panels and aerated water system that has not only been proven to be ecologically sustainable, but also has cut down energy use by 50% and $114,000 p.a. In saving. TOW has also taken advantage of tourism due to the proximity of its HV site to Sydney. HV had 4.5 million visitors in 2019 (up by 4.2%), TOW is able to generate more customer contacts through their 50,000 members list that encourage customer loyalty and potential customers that have previously visited its cellar door or attended events. Furthermore, TOW is able to take advantage of other non-wine related economic producers such as accommodations and event functions such as weddings, which has brought positive influence to TOW. In addition, TOW is able to closely link to first creek bottling and shipping companies to bottle and ship its wines. This adds to the cost of the production of TOW, but allows TOW to focus on producing high standard wines. Then LBQ Conclusion...

2020 - Linkage and Flow Tamburlaine Organic Wine is an Australian winery enterprise that specialises in producing organic and vegan wines from its vineyards and winery in the Hunter Valley region and the city of Orange. Tamburlain heavily relies on both internal and external linkages to sustain its operations of wine making and vineyard management.

Tamburlaine Organic Wine is a private organic vineyard, winery and cellar door in Pokolbin. TOW was established in 1966 by Dr Lance Allen, today TOW operates in both the region of Hunter Valley(32 S, 151 E) and Orange(33 S 149 E). The Hunter Valley region is located 2 hours North of Sydney in North East NSW. Orange is located in Central West NSW, with 200 ha of land that allows TOW to grow a variety of grapes, thus allowing them to produce a wide range of wine to accommodate its diverse demographic. TOW’s HV site has 12 hectares of vineyard. The region has a maritime climate, with hotter climate in summer and average rainfall of 540mm annually. It is suitable but not the optimal temperate climate for grape growing. Tamburlaine’s operation in Hunter Valley is highly visible due to its proximity to Sydney (2 hours) and is able to access its large wine sales market, as well as attracting tourism. On the other hand, TOW’s Orange operation wines. The climate in Orange is more stable, thus more suitable for grape growing, while its volcanic basalt based soil, as well as its high elevation that has a cooler climate, is more optimal for grape growing, Orange relies entirely on dam water to supply its irrigation system. Tamburlaine currently employs 65 people, and is Australia’s largest organic wine provider with 1400 liters in wine production in 2020. Political influences and the changing international relationship has put significant pressure on TOW’s export. In 2019, Australian Wineries such as TOW have achieved a total global export of $2.8bn. In which $1.2 bn is exported to Greater China (including Mainland, Hong Kong and Macau) TOW has dedicated 5% of its total production to China. Australia is China’s largest wine exporter. However, the removal of ChAFTA due to the political tension of the Australian and the Chinese governments has put significant pressure on TOW’s export to China (5% of its production). The Chinese government justified the increase in wine tariffs as necessary to support its local market and to stop the cheap imports. Whereas the Australian government believes that it is China’s response to Australia’s tightening pressure on the release of information on COVID-19 and its origin. The value of Australian wine export to China has dropped by 10% in December 2020. As a result, TOW has completely terminated its export to China, which has had a negative impact on TOW’s foreign capital. As a result, TOW have had to focus on other markets such as Finland and Nepal. In addition, the impact of COVID -19 and tighten restrictions on wine tasting had further decreased TOW’s productions and sales. TOW has shown resilience by providing stocks to local wholesalers such as LiquorLand, Dan Murphy’s and BWS, in response to its sharp decline in its foreign capital, while its 50,000 members mailing list, targeted at messages and emails has aid TOW on maintaining customer contacts and engagement. Sociocultural influences have had notable impacts on TOW’s operations. TOW focuses on producing organic and vegan wine, targeting at a emerging niche market, generally younger (age 25 - 45) demographic, TOW is able to reach different markets and demographics through its large area of

vineyards in Orange, and its ability to grow different types of grapes and thus produce a diverse selection of wine that accommodates to a wide range of people. In addition, more females are now involved in the decision making process of wine, statistics suggest that 42% of females in Australia drink wine regularly in 2019, which is a significant increase in the past decades. It has caused insignificant impact on TOW, as TOW provides wines that vary in its intensity, sweetness and alcohol concentration. Which accommodates for the emerging demographic of female wine buyers. Moreover, the roll out of vegan fining and clarification agents has allowed TOW to expand its offerings to broader markets and acknowledge the demand of organic and health conscious products via the certification from Australia Certified Organic, as of 2020, TOW has 50,000 members on its online wine subscription list that has impacted TOW positively through strong engagement to its customers who are not within proximity to HV. Furthermore, the 240million hectolitres in wine consumption globally in recent years has moderately impacted TOW, as its purchase of their Orange vineyard that is 200ha allowed it to produce 1487 tonnes of wines in 2019, while factors involving natural disasters that destroyed fruits has had detrimental impact on the production volume of TOW. Even further, TOW HV site;s proximity to Sydney has seen an increase in tourism, TOW has responded to the opportunity for reaching a broader market via accommodating functions such as weddings and members events, as well as cellar doors, which is regularly promoted through Destination NSW. Changing Economic factors has changed how TOW operates as a small winery targeted at a niche market of Organic and Vegan Wines. The loosen free trade agreements like CPTPP gives TOW a competitive edge to exporting to countries like Canada, Malaysia and Vietnam. The increase in production due to cheap exportation and differing in sales in each variety of the wine in the 1487 tonnes of wines it produced in 2020 is mediated through TOW’s closely interdependent Human Resource, such as its Viticultural manager and wine maker, that receives information from its sales department, and thus alter the production volume to accommodate demand. In addition, Tamburlain is committed to practice organic and energy efficient production to minimise its ecological footp...