GEOGROPHY NCERT SHORT NOTE OF -11TH - HUMAN-GEOGROPHY PDF

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NCERT Class 11-12 Human Geography Compilation for UPSC Civil Services Exam Basis of International Trade ......................................................................................................................................... 105 Important Aspects of International Trade ................

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NCERT Class 11-12 Human Geography Compilation for UPSC Civil Services Exam 1.

Human Geography ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2. Environment and Human Inter-Relationship .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3. Broad Stages and Thrust of Human Geography ........................................................................................................ 6 1.4. Human Geography and Sister Disciplines of Social Sciences................................................................................. 6

2.

Population ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Some Basic Concepts of Population Geography ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Factors influencing the distribution of population ................................................................................................... 8 Geographical Factors ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 Economic Factors................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Components of Population Change .............................................................................................................................. 9 Migration ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Trends in population growth ......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.5. Demographic transition .................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.6. Population Composition ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Sex composition.................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Age Structure ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Age-Sex Pyramid ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Ageing Population ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 Rural urban composition ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Occupational Structure..................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.7. India Census 2011 Data and Observations ................................................................................................................ 17 India: State-wise Population Distribution, Density and Growth, 2011 ........................................................... 17 India: Decadal Birth Rate, Death Rate and Rate of Natural Increase, 1901 -2011 ..................................... 19 India: Rural and Urban Population 2011.................................................................................................................... 19 India: % of Population of Religious Groups ............................................................................................................. 20 Religious Communities of India, 2011 ........................................................................................................................ 22 Uneven spatial distribution of population ................................................................................................................ 22 Density of Population ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 Growth of Population ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 Population Doubling Time .............................................................................................................................................. 28 Regional Variation in Population Growth.................................................................................................................. 29 Population Composition .................................................................................................................................................. 29 2.8. Questions ............................................................................................................................................................................ 33

3.

Migration ...................................................................................................................................................... 34

1

3.1. Streams of Migration ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.2. Indian Diaspora.................................................................................................................................................................. 35 3.3. Spatial Variation in Migration........................................................................................................................................ 36 3.4. Causes of Migration ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 3.5. Consequences of Migration........................................................................................................................................... 37 Economic Consequences ................................................................................................................................................. 37 Demographic Consequences ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Social Consequences ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 Environmental Consequences ....................................................................................................................................... 38 3.6. Questions ............................................................................................................................................................................ 39 4.

Human Settlements ..................................................................................................................................... 39 4.1. Classification of settlements .......................................................................................................................................... 39 4.2. Types and Patterns of Settlements .............................................................................................................................. 40 Compact or Nucleated settlements ............................................................................................................................. 40 Dispersed Settlements...................................................................................................................................................... 40 Rural Settlements ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 Rural Settlements in India ............................................................................................................................................... 45 Urban Settlements ............................................................................................................................................................. 47 Urban Settlements in India ............................................................................................................................................. 53 4.3. Questions ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59

5.

Human Development .................................................................................................................................. 59 5.1. Growth and Development .............................................................................................................................................. 59 5.2. Human Development....................................................................................................................................................... 60 The four pillars of human development .................................................................................................................... 61 5.3. Approaches to human development .......................................................................................................................... 62 5.4. Measuring Human Development ................................................................................................................................. 62 Human Poverty index........................................................................................................................................................ 63 Gross National Happiness (GNH) ................................................................................................................................. 63 International comparisons .............................................................................................................................................. 63 5.5. Human Development in India ....................................................................................................................................... 65 Indicators of Economic Attainments ........................................................................................................................... 66 Indicators of a Healthy Life ............................................................................................................................................. 68 Indicators of Social Empowerment .............................................................................................................................. 69 Human Development Index in India ........................................................................................................................... 70 5.6. Questions ............................................................................................................................................................................ 71

6.

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context .................................................................... 72 2

6.1. Target Area Planning ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 Hill Area Development Programme ............................................................................................................................ 73 Drought Prone Area Programme ................................................................................................................................. 73 Sustainable Development ............................................................................................................................................... 74 6.2. Case Study – Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area ................................................................................. 75 Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development ........................................................................................ 77 6.3. Case Study – Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region ..................................................... 77 6.4. Questions ............................................................................................................................................................................ 78 7.

Transport and Communication .................................................................................................................. 78 7.1. Modes of transportation ................................................................................................................................................. 79 Land Transport .................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Water Transport .................................................................................................................................................................. 84 Air Transport......................................................................................................................................................................... 90 Pipelines ................................................................................................................................................................................. 91 7.2. Communications ............................................................................................................................................................... 92 Satellite Communication.................................................................................................................................................. 92 Cyber Space – Internet ..................................................................................................................................................... 93 7.3. Road Transport in India................................................................................................................................................... 93 National Highways ............................................................................................................................................................. 93 State Highways .................................................................................................................................................................... 96 District Roads ....................................................................................................................................................................... 96 Rural Roads ........................................................................................................................................................................... 96 Other Roads.......................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Bharatmala ............................................................................................................................................................................ 97 7.4. Rail Transport in India...................................................................................................................................................... 98 Konkan Railway ................................................................................................................................................................... 99 7.5. Water Transport................................................................................................................................................................. 99 Inland Waterways ............................................................................................................................................................... 99 Oceanic Routes.................................................................................................................................................................. 101 7.6. Air Transportation ........................................................................................................................................................... 101 7.7. Oil and Gas Pipelines .....................................................................................................................................................103 Communication Networks ............................................................................................................................................ 103 Television ............................................................................................................................................................................. 103 Satellite Communication................................................................................................................................................ 103 7.8. Questions .......................................................................................................................................................................... 104

8.

International Trade .................................................................................................................................... 104 3

8.1. Basis of International Trade ......................................................................................................................................... 105 8.2. Important Aspects of International Trade................................................................................................................ 107 Volume of Trade ............................................................................................................................................................... 107 Composition of Trade ..................................................................................................................................................... 107 Direction of Trade ............................................................................................................................................................ 107 8.3. Balance of Trade.............................................................................................................................................................. 108 8.4. Types of International Trade........................................................................................................................................ 108 Bilateral trade ..................................................................................................................................................................... 108 Multi-lateral trade ............................................................................................................................................................ 108 8.5. Case for Free Trade......................................................................................................................................................... 109 8.6. World Trade Organisation ............................................................................................................................................ 109 8.7. Regional Trade Blocs.........................................