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 My courses  U…  M…  A…  PHSL2201-PHSL2221-PHSL2502-5187_00384  Gastrointestinal System  Gastrointestinal Online Feedback Quiz for revision Started on

Thursday, 8 November 2018, 9:44 AM

State Finished Completed on Time taken Question 1

Thursday, 8 November 2018, 9:48 AM 3 mins 59 secs

Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the secretions of the stomach is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: In the parietal cell, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase forms CO 2 which is then actively transported into the blood. Gastrin release is increased by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) from the endocrine D cells. Protons mainly diffuse from the parietal cells into the stomach lumen. The only stomach secretion that is critical to the well-being of a person is pepsinogen. Gastrin activates parietal cells by binding to a G-protein coupled receptor. This is correct. Gastrin binds to the gastrin/CCKB receptor to increase acid production.

Your answer is correct.

Question 2 Correct

With regard to the control of appetite, which ONE of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Neuropeptide Y inhibits feeding. Neuropeptide Y increases feeding.

This is the incorrect statement.

The brain receives neural input concerning stomach distension. Insulin is normally secreted in two phases. Cholecystokinin is secreted from the duodenum. Leptin regulates the activity of brain feeding pathways.

Your answer is correct.

Question 3 Correct

Which ONE of the following hormones secreted in response to a meal, causes acute suppression of hunger?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide Bradykinin Secretin Cholecystokinin This is correct. Cholecystokinin is secreted from the duodenum, and acts as a satiety factor. Leptin

Your answer is correct.

Question 4

The submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus is part of the enteric nervous system and is located:

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: between the epithelium and the muscularis mucosae. between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. in the lumen. between the muscularis externa and the mucosa. This is correct. The submucosal plexus is broadly between the muscle and the mucosa, specifically it is embedded in the submucosal membrane and between the circular muscle and the muscularis mucosae. directly beneath the epithelial cells.

Your answer is correct.

Question 5

With regard to obesity, which ONE of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Leptin normally inhibits feeding. A BMI of 30 or more is the international standard for classification of obesity. Genetic factors are the principal reason for obesity in a country like Australia. This is the incorrect statement. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to obesity. Obesity is commonly associated with increased plasma leptin concentrations. Ghrelin from the stomach increases feeding.

Your answer is correct.

Question 6 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the secretions of the stomach is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Vagal efferents release histamine that can stimulate parietal cells. Secretion of the pro-enzyme pepsinogen occurs during all phases of digestion. The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex. This is correct. The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex. Distension of the stomach activates mechanoreceptors which decreases acid production. Exocrine cells in the stomach secrete hormones such as gastrin, histamine and somatostatin.

Your answer is correct.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements about the liver and its blood supply are correct?

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: When portal blood flow is reduced, the hepatic arterioles dilate because of local accumulation of adrenaline. Some sinusoids are collapsed during fasting. This is correct. These sinusoids open up following a meal when portal blood flow increases. The liver receives blood from both the hepatic artery and the portal artery. The hepatocytes closest to the central vein receive the best oxygen supply. Blood in the liver lobule flows outwards from the central vein towards the portal triad.

Your answer is correct.

Question 8 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the gastrointestinal tract is INCORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: The enteric nervous system contains sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons. Gastrointestinal contractility is mainly regulated by vagal stimulation. This is the incorrect statement. The ENS controls GI motility, and the vagus plays only a small role. The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract is acetylcholine. The peristaltic reflex is mediated by the local intrinsic enteric nervous system. Gastrointestinal motility requires the coordinated activity of nerves, smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs).

Your answer is correct.

Question 9

The hormone ghrelin is produced by the:

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: pancreas stomach

This is correct. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach wall.

small intestine. gallbladder duodenum

Your answer is correct.

Question 10 Correct

With regards to the pancreatic juice produced in response to a meal, which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Bicarbonate is produced by the pancreatic acinar cells and neutralises the acidic stomach contents as they enter the small intestine. Pancreatic amylase is produced by the pancreatic acinar cells and breaks down proteins that enter the small intestine. Pancreatic amylase is one of only 4 digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas. Pancreatic amylase is produced by the pancreatic duct cells and breaks down proteins that enter the small intestine. Bicarbonate is produced by the pancreatic duct cells and neutralises the acidic stomach contents as they enter the small intestine. This is correct. Bicarbonate is produced by the duct cells and functions to neutralise acid from the stomach at the beginning of the small intestine - the duodenum.

Your answer is correct.

Question 11 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the secretions of the stomach is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Acetylcholine and histamine both activate parietal cells by increasing intracellular calcium concentrations. Vagal efferents stimulate parietal cells via nicotinic receptors. Distension of the stomach decreases acid production. Intrinsic factor is found in the acid secreting parietal (oxyntic) cells. This is correct. Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor which helps uptake of vitamin B 12 in the ileum. Somatostatin from the endocrine D cells stimulates gastrin release.

Your answer is correct.

Question 12

Which ONE of the following statements regarding GI motility is INCORRECT?

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Peristaltic contractions are the primary means of propulsion in the digestive system. The migrating motility complex (MMC) only occurs during fasting. Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) are mainly responsible for initiating the peristaltic reflex. This is the incorrect statement. Although the ICC are needed, the ENS is responsible for initiating the peristaltic reflex. Peristalsis requires the enteric nerves to coordinate the activity of the smooth muscle cells. Reflex contraction of the gallbladder increases the release of bile acid into the duodenum.

Your answer is correct.

Question 13 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements about bile acids and their enterohepatic circulation is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: The total bile pool recirculates approximately twice a day. Once bile acids are reabsorbed from the intestine, they are returned to the liver via the hepatic artery. Conjugated bile acids are passively absorbed along the small intestine and colon. Primary bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol. Bile acids are actively secreted by the gall bladder.

Your answer is correct.

This is correct.

Question 14 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the movements of the stomach is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Storage of food in the stomach depends on input from the vagus to cause a decrease in pressure. This is correct. The vagal reflex causes accommodation of the stomach which decreases pressure. The most recent treatments for ulcers reduce the pH in the stomach. Gastric emptying can be enhanced by distension of the duodenum. Churning of the body region of the stomach reduces the particle size of chyme. The main function of the stomach antrum is to release food into the duodenum.

Your answer is correct.

Question 15 Correct

In comparing the small and large intestine which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Both the small and large intestine have villi. Motility movements seen in the large intestine include haustral contractions and mass movements of faeces. This is correct. Haustral contractions are slow segmenting movements in the large intestine and mass movements force faeces into the rectum stretching the rectal wall and initiating the defecation reflex. The mucosa of the large intestine has folds but not glands. Particularly large collections of lymphoid follicles are found in the pharynx and small intestine. The small intestine is shorter but contains a larger surface area.

Your answer is correct.

Question 16 Correct

Starches are broken down to release sugars that can be absorbed across the epithelium. Which ONE of the following statements regarding starch breakdown is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Sucrose is broken down by the brush border enzyme sucrase. This is correct. The disaccharide sucrose is broken down by the enzyme sucrase which is located on the brush border. Sucrose is absorbed directly across the epithelium lining the small intestine. Sucrose breakdown releases fructose and glucose both of which are absorbed across the apical membrane by SGLT1 transporters. Sucrose is broken down by pancreatic alpha-amylase. Sucrose breakdown releases fructose and glucose which are absorbed across the apical membrane by GLUT2 transporters.

Your answer is correct.

Question 17 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the functions of the large intestine is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: The large intestine absorbs more water than does the small intestine. Secretory diarrhoea can be caused by cholera bacteria. This is correct. Cholera is the biggest cause of secretory diarrhoea in the world, especially where water supplies have been contaminated. A lack of enteric (intrinsic) nerves in Hirschsprung's disease can disrupt function all along the GI tract. Microbial digestion results in the release of carbohydrates. The large intestine produces specialised digestive enzymes.

Your answer is correct.

Question 18

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the liver is CORRECT?

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: The liver is a storage site for vitamin C. About 90% of the plasma proteins are formed by the liver. This is correct. Except for gamma globulins, the liver produces all of the plasma proteins. The liver is responsible for the production of bilirubin from haemoglobin. The liver forms large amounts of lymph with a low protein content. The liver receives a blood supply of about 1500 ml/min via the hepatic artery.

Your answer is correct.

Question 19 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding digestion/absorption of food by the GI tract is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed with the help of micelles and chylomicrons. Secretion of bile acids aid the active transport of lipids into the enterocyte. Many nutrients are transported across the enterocytes using the Na + gradient established by the Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger. Pernicious anaemia can result from the reduced absorption of vitamin B 12 in the stomach. Lactose intolerance is a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks down milk sugar. This is correct. The enzyme lactase is deficient in lactose intolerance.

Your answer is correct.

Question 20 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the enteric (intrinsic) nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Substance P is the most important neurotransmitter used by the enteric nervous system. The enteric nerves are required for the functions of the gastrointestinal tract. This is correct. Without the ENS, the GI tract does not function. Vagal stimulation causes the enteric nervous system to decrease the activity of the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric nervous system contains sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. The accommodation of the stomach is initiated by the enteric nervous system.

Your answer is correct.

Question 21 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the functions of the stomach is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Gastric emptying can be enhanced by distension of the duodenum. Storage of food in the stomach depends on input from the vagus to cause an increase in pressure. The most recent cures for ulcers reduce the pH in the stomach. The pyloric region reduces the particle size of chyme. pyloric pump churns food to reduce particle size.

This is correct. The

The main function of the fundus is the release of food into the duodenum.

Your answer is correct.

Question 22 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding gastrointestinal motility is INCORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Gastrointestinal motility is modulated by the cholinergic mechanism. Gastrointestinal motility is modulated by the enteric nervous system. Gastrointestinal motility is mediated by electrical coupling between smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Gastrointestinal motility can be decreased by narcotics for pain medication. Gastrointestinal motility depends mainly on vagal stimulation. This is the incorrect statement. Vagal stimulation is not required for GI motility, though it can enhance it.

Your answer is correct.

Question 23

Compared to hepatic bile, gallbladder bile will differ in that its:

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Bile acid concentration will be less. Chloride concentration will be higher. Cholesterol concentration will be higher.

This is correct.

Volume will be greater. Percentage of water will be greater.

Your answer is correct.

Question 24

Which ONE of the following statements regarding swallowing is CORRECT?

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Swallowing is an involuntary reflex. During swallowing, the upper esophageal sphincter opens then closes. This is correct. During the pharyngeal phase, food is pushed back initiating closure of the trachea and then relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter. During swallowing, the lower esophageal sphincter remains open. Swallowing is a voluntary action. Swallowing is a simultaneous pressure increase along the esophagus.

Your answer is correct.

Question 25 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding bacteria and the gastrointestinal tract is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Gastric acid secretion kills most bacteria in the stomach. stops or even kills many bacteria in the stomach.

This is correct. Acid

Bacteria are not tolerated in any parts of the GI tract. Secretion of mucins helps to kill bacteria. Bacteria in the duodenum help to digest nutrients. α-amylase secretion kills bacteria before they enter the stomach.

Your answer is correct.

Question 26

Which ONE of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to leptin?

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Leptin signals through hypothalamic receptors. Leptin is a long-term regulator of appetite. Leptin is produced in fat cells. Leptin defects are common causes of human obesity. This is the incorrect statement. Leptin defects are very rare and thus account for a very small part of human obesity. Leptin inhibits food intake.

Your answer is correct.

Question 27 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

With regard to obesity and appetite control, which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT? Select one: Appetite is controlled by both short-term and long-term regulators. correct statement.

This is the

Ghrelin released from the stomach decreases feeding. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released from the colon. Leptin defects account for the majority of human obesity. Obesity is commonly associated with decreased plasma leptin concentrations.

Your answer is correct.

Question 28 Correct

Which ONE of the following is NOT a characteristic of the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: Neurons of the myenteric plexus project to the submucosal ganglia and to other myenteric ganglia. The myenteric plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. The myenteric plexus contains both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons. The myenteric plexus is also called Auerbach's plexus. The myenteric plexus is only found in the small and large intestine. correct choice. The myenteric plexus is found along the entire GI tract.

This is the

Your answer is correct.

Question 29 Correct

Which ONE of the following statements regarding gastrointestinal (GI) muscle is CORRECT?

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Select one: GI muscle is controlled by the sympathetic nerves. Contraction of GI muscle occurs in response to increases in extracellular Na +. Nitric oxide causes GI muscle contraction. Some GI muscle can be striated muscle. This is correct. The GI muscle of the upper esophagus and the external anal sphincter are striated muscle. GI muscle has a stable membrane potential.

Your answer is correct.

Question 30 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

With regard to the control of feeding, which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT? Select one: Ghrelin blood levels increase after a meal. Peptide YY is released from the colon and increases appetite. Neural input from mechanoreceptors regulates food intake in the long term. Both genes and environmental factors contribute to obesity risk. correct statement. Release...