Grammar with ANSWER KEY PDF

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INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for S a le in th e U.S.A. Grammar F O U R T H E D IT IO N with ANSWER KEY Betty S. Azar Stacy A. Hagen Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List note: Verbs followed by a bullet (•) are defined at the end of the list on the inside back cover. Simple Simple Past Simple...

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INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for S a le in th e U.S.A.

Grammar F O U R T H

E D IT IO N

with ANSWER KEY

Betty S. Azar Stacy A. Hagen

Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List note:

Verbs followed by a bullet (•) are defined at the end of the list on the inside back cover.

Simple Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

Simple Form

Simple Past

Past Participle

arise aw ake be b ear beat becom e begin bend b et* bid* bind* bite bleed blow break b reed* bring broadcast* build burn burst* buy cast* catch choose cling* com e cost cre e p * cut d e a l*

arose awoke was, were bore beat becam e began bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung cam e cost crept cut dealt

fly forbid forecast* forget forgive forsake* freeze get give

dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fit fle e * fling*

dug did drew dream ed/dream t drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fit/fitted fled flung

arisen awoken been borne/born beaten/beat become begun bent bet bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dream ed/dream t drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit/fitted fled flung

flew forbade forecast forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept kneeled/knelt knew laid led leaned/leant leaped/leapt learned/learnt left lent let lay lighted/lit lost made m eant met mislaid mistook paid proved put quit read rid rode rang

flown forbidden forecast forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen gotten/got* given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept kneeled/knelt known laid led leaned/leant leaped/leapt learned/learnt left lent let lain lighted/lit lost made m eant met mislaid mistaken paid proven/proved put quit read rid ridden rung

go

grind* grow h a n g ** have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean m eet mislay mistake pay prove put q u it*** read rid ride ring

*In British English: get-got-got. In Am erican English: get-got-gotten/got. ** H a n g is a regular verb when it means to kill someone with a rope around his/her neck. C o m p a r e : I h u n g my clothes in the closet. They h a n g e d the murderer by the neck until he was dead. ***A lso possible in British English: quit-quitted-quitted.

( continued on the inside back cover)

PEARSON

U nderstanding and Using English G ram m ar, Fourth Edition with Answer Key Copyright © 2009, 2002, 1989, 1981 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Azar Associates: Shelley H artle, Editor, and Sue Van Etten, M anager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, W hite Plains, NY 10606 Staff credits: The people who made up the Understanding and Using English Grammar Fourth Edition team, representing editorial, production, design, and manufacturing, are Janice Baillie, Dave Dickey, Ann France, Amy M cCorm ick, Robert Ruvo, and Ruth Voetmann. Text composition: S4C arlisle Publishing Services Text font: 10/12.5 Plantin Illustrations: Don M artinetti, pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 47, 50, 51, 65, 72, 73, 81, 84, 88, 91, 99, 103, 107,109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152, 161, 169, 183, 185, 188, 190, 194,201, 213, 220, 223, 232, 236, 238, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260 (top), 275, 278, 280, 286, 287, 292, 301, 303, 308, 316, 319, 321, 328, 340, 342, 347, 353, 355, 357, 362, 371, 373, 389, 396, 408, 413, 420, 424, 425, 432, 441, 446; Chris Pavely, pages 8, 41, 43, 45, 47, 54, 56, 60, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 86, 98, 100, 113, 116, 138, 142, 146, 153, 158, 170, 174, 175, 178, 181, 196, 198, 206, 211, 228, 235, 251, 257, 260 (bottom), 265, 272, 284, 289, 293, 309, 315, 331, 345, 349, 360, 363, 367, 378, 385, 393, 394, 403, 414, 422, 428; Kris W iltse, pages 17, 19, 28, 29 L ib rary o f Congress C ataloging-in-Publication Data Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941U nderstanding and using English grammar. — 4th ed. / Betty S. Azar, Stacy A. Hagen, p. cm. ISBN -13: 978-0-13-233333-7 (with audio) ISBN -10: 0-13-233333-3 (with audio) ISBN -13: 978-0-13-233331-3 (with audio and answer key) ISBN-10: 0-13-233331-7 (with audio and answer key) [etc.] 1. English language—Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language—Grammar—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Hagen, Stacy A., 1956II. T itle. PEI 128.A97 2009 428.2'4—dc22 2008050357 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 13: 978-0-13-233331-3 ISBN 10: 0-13-233331-7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRIC— 14 13 12 11 10 09 ISBN 13:978-0-13-246450-5 (International Edition) ISBN 10: 0-13-246450-0 (International Edition) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRIC— 14 13 12 11 10 09

For Larry B.S.A.

For Andy and Julianna S.H.

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Contents

P r e fa c e to th e Fourth E d it io n ................................................................................................................................xi A c k n o w le d g m e n ts .............................................................................................................................................. xiii C h a p te r 1

OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES..........................................................................................................1 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6

C h a p te r 2

PRESENT AND PAST; SIMPLE AND PR O G R ESSIV E...........................................................13 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10

C h a p te r 3

Simple p re s e n t....................................................................................................................14 Present progressive............................................................................................................14 Non-progressive verbs .................................................................................................... 16 Regular and irregular v e rb s............................................................................................. 20 Irregular verb list .............................................................................................................. 20 Regular verbs: pronunciation of - e d en d in g s............................................................27 Simple p a s t........................................................................................................................... 29 Past progressive ................................................................................................................. 29 Using progressive verbs with a lw a y s .........................................................................33 Using expressions of place with progressive v e r b s ..................................................34

PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES ..............................................................3 6 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7

C h a p te r 4

The simple te n se s .................................................................................................................... 2 The progressive tenses .......................................................................................................... 3 The perfect tenses ..................................................................................................................4 The perfect progressive tenses ........................................................................................... 5 Summary chart of verb ten ses.............................................................................................. 6 Spelling of - m g and - e d fo r m s ..................................................................................... 10

Present p e r fe c t....................................................................................................................38 H a v e and h a s in spoken English ............................................................................... 42 Present perfect vs. simple p a s t....................................................................................... 43 Present perfect progressive.............................................................................................46 Past perfect .........................................................................................................................50 H a d in spoken E n g lish .....................................................................................................53 Past perfect progressive.....................................................................................................55

FUTURE TIME ................................................................................................................................... 60 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4

Simple future: w ill and b e g o in g t o ............................................................................61 W ill vs. b e g o in g t o .......................................................................................................... 63 Expressing the future in time clauses ......................................................................... 67 Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future t im e ........................................................................................................... 69 CONTENTS V

4-5 4-6

Future progressive ............................................................................................................. 71 Future perfect and future perfect progressive ..........................................................73

C h a p te r 5

REVIEW OF VERB TENSES ............................................................................................................ 76

C h a p te r 6

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEM ENT.......................................................................................................84 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5

C h a p te r 7

NOUNS ...........................................................................................................................................100 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12

C h a p te r 8

8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7

.................................................................................................................................135

Personal pronouns ....................................................................................................... 136 Personal pronouns: agreement with generic nouns and indefinite pronouns ......................................................................................................140 Personal pronouns: agreement with collective n o u n s ...........................................142 Reflexive p ro n ou n s....................................................................................................... 143 Using y o u , o n e , and th e y as impersonal pron ou ns.......................................... 147 Forms of o t h e r ............................................................................................................... 148 Common expressions with o t h e r .............................................................................. 152

MODALS, PART 1 ......................................................................................................................... 157 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12

Vi CONTENTS

Regular and irregular plural n o u n s ........................................................................ 101 Possessive n o u n s............................................................................................................ 105 Nouns as adjectives .................................................................................................... 107 Count and noncount nouns ..................................................................................... 109 Noncount nouns ..........................................................................................................110 Some common noncount n o u n s ..............................................................................110 Basic article usage ....................................................................................................... 114 General guidelines for article u sag e.........................................................................118 Expressions of quantity used with count and noncount n o u n s......................122 Using a feu> and f e w ; a little and little .............................................................. 126 Singular expressions of quantity: o n e , e a c h , e v e r y .......................................... 129 Using o /in expressions of q u a n tity .........................................................................131

PRONOUNS 8-1 8-2

C h a p te r 9

Final - s / - e s : use, pronunciation, and sp e llin g .......................................................... 85 Basic subject-verb a g re e m e n t........................................................................................ 87 Subject-verb agreement: using expressions of quantity ........................................ 89 Subject-verb agreement: using t h e r e + b e ............................................................... 91 Subject-verb agreement: some irregularities ............................................................ 93

Basic modal in tro d u ctio n .............................................................................................157 Polite requests with “I ” as the s u b je c t...................................................................... 158 Polite requests with “y o u ” as the subject ...............................................................159 Polite requests with w o u ld y o u m in d ................................................................... 160 Expressing necessity: m u s t , h a v e to, h a v e g o t to ............................................. 164 Lack of necessity and prohibition: h a v e to and m u s t in the negative . . . . 165 Advisability: s h o u ld , o u g h t to, h a d b e t t e r ..........................................................167 The past form of s h o u ld ............................................................................................. 170 Obligation: b e s u p p o s e d t o .........................................................................................173 Unfulfilled intentions: w a s / w e r e g o in g t o ............................................................ 176 Making suggestions: l e t ’s , w h y d on 't, s h a l l H w e ............................................. 177 Making suggestions: c o u ld vs. s h o u l d .................................................................... 178

C h a p te r 10

MODALS, PART 2 ..................................................................................................................... 180 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10

C h a p te r 11

THE PASSIVE 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8

C h a p te r 12

Active vs. passive ............................................................................................................. 211 Tense forms of the passive ........................................................................................... 213 Using the passive .............................................................................................................214 The passive form of modals and phrasal m o d a ls .................................................. 220 Non-progressive p a ssiv e ................................................................................................ 227 Common non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions......................................229 The passive with g e t ........................................................................................................233 Participial ad jectives........................................................................................................236

Introdu ction....................................................................................................................... 242 Noun clauses beginning with a question w o rd ...................................................... 244 Noun clauses beginning with w h e t h e r or i f .........................................................249 Question words followed by infinitives .................................................................... 252 Noun clauses beginning with th a t ............................................................................253 Quoted s p e e c h ..................................................................................................................258 Reported speech: verb forms in noun clauses ........................................................ 261 Using - e v e r w o rd s .......................................................................................................... 268

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-10 13-11

C h a p te r 14

............................................................................................................................. 211

NOUN CLAUSES ......................................................................................................................2 4 2 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 12-8

C h a p te r 13

Degrees of certainty: present t im e ........................................................................... 180 Degrees of certainty: present time n eg a tiv e........................................................... 183 Degrees of certainty: past time .................................................................................. 186 Degrees of certainty: future tim e ................................................................................189 Progressive forms of m o d a ls ......................................................................................193 Ability: c a n and c o u l d ................................................................................................198 Using w o u ld to express a repeated action in the past ..................................... 200 Expressing preference: w o u ld r a t h e r .................................................................... 201 Combining modals with phrasal modals ............................................................... 202 Summary chart of modals and similar expressions ........................................... 204

............................................................................................................2 7 0

Adjective clause pronouns used as the s u b je c t............................................270 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb ..........................273 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a p rep o sitio n .............274 Using w h o s e ................................................................................................................... 277 Using w h e r e in adjective clauses ..............................................................................279 Using w h e n in adjective c la u s e s ...................................................