Group 3 MINI Project 6C5 PDF

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lab report during open distance learning due to Covid 1...

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ECW 568 OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORT

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT

:

MINI PROJECT

DATE OF EXPERIMENT

:

15 July 2021

GROUP

:

GROUP 3

GROUP MEMBERS

1. AMEER HAQIMIE BIN ZAINAL (2019884174) 2. NUR IZMIZA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (2019847992) 3. FARAH SYAHIRA BINTI ABDUL JALIL (2019495898) 4. NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAHARUDDIN (2019801796) 5. NUR SHAFEEQA BINTI ABDUL RASHID (2019602208)

LECTURER

:

IR. DR. SUZANA BINTI RAMLI

LEVEL OF OPENESS

:

3 MARKS

COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY RESULTS&ANALYSIS

1

2

3

4

5

DISCUSSION

1

2

3

4

5

CONCLUSION

1

2

3

4

5

ORGANIZATION

1

2

3

4

5

TOTAL MARKS

Contents Section 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 2 Section 2: OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 2 Section 3: BASIC CONCEPT ........................................................................................................... 3 Section 4: APPARATUS ................................................................................................................. 3 Section 5: PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................. 3 Section 6: RESULT & ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 4 Section 7: DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 7 Section 8: CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 8 Section 9: REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 9

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Section 1: INTRODUCTION The most precious natural after air is water. The increasing of world population leads to the need of intensive water quality monitoring and solid waste management. The scarcity of water or contamination of water resources are one of the major reasons for lack of safe water in the world. Lack of safe drinking water is due to both lack of investment in water systems and inadequate maintenance of existing system. A clean drinking water is important to human body in order to function because up to sixty percent of human body consist of water. Water plays an important role in preserving a healthy body, from the digestion to the waste removal. In addition, the water quality is assess based on the evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. A set of standards is used as a reference so it can be assessed properly. The standards are used to assess water quality which relates to drinking water, the safety of human contact and the health of ecosystem. Physical characteristics are defined as the appearance of water, taste, odour and feel of water determined by people’s experiences when they drink the water. Chemical characteristics are defined in terms of the use and application of chemicals in determining specific water quality parameters such as turbidity and pH while biological characteristics are referring to the water quality assessment and determination involving living microorganism such as bacteria. Hence, this project is done to determine and obtain the good water quality by testing it using the water filter system. Water filters help to remove elements that caused it to have unpleasant smell and taste such as lead, chlorine and bacteria. The particles and pollutants from the water can be removed by using any system or process that is used to filter it out which are referring to the water filtration.

Section 2: OBJECTIVES 1. To propose the significant physical water quality parameters to measure the effectiveness of the designed water purification system. 2. To analyse data and interpret the results of the water quality experiment. 3. To work as a team in organizing and carry out experiments and in the preparation of technical report and presentation.

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Section 3: BASIC CONCEPT For daily activities, water resources are essential especially for human activities like in factories, agriculture, and other activities. Wastewater from human activities will be discharge to river and wastewater treatment plant. It is vital to develop effective water filtration because some of the discharge may contain unwanted substances in the water. Water filter was designed by using basic material that can easily obtain which is sand, garden soil, and gravel rock. Three water filter was designed, and observation has conducted to see the characteristics of water, which is physical, chemical, and biological. Taste, appearance, and odour is the physical characteristics. Whereas chemical characteristic is the application t determine the water quality parameters and biological characteristics is determine by living microorganisms. Thus, the standards need to be assessed properly.

Section 4: APPARATUS 1. Clean Water 2. Bottle 1.5 Liter 3. Gravel 4. Sand 5. Garden Soil 6. Cotton pad

Section 5: PROCEDURE 1. Prepare the Synthetic Raw Water. 1.1 Mix 1 table spoon of soil into 1.5 liters of clean water. 1.2 Leave for 10 minutes. 2. Prepare a Water Purification System (Filter).

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2.1 Prepare three bottles of 1.5 liters and cut the bottom of the bottle using a knife or scissors. 2.2 Place 1.5cm of cotton pads into the bottle. 2.3 Add 5cm of garden soil. 2.4 Add sand with the depth of 5cm, 6.5cm, and 8cm into three different bottles. 2.5 Lastly, add 5cm of gravel into the bottle. 2.6 When the filter ready, pour the synthetic raw water into all three bottles. 3. Measure the Effectiveness of Purification System (Filter). 3.1 Record the result on colour, odour, turbidity, and suspended solids. 3.2 Compare the three designs of the water sample with the indicator for turbidity and colour.

Section 6: RESULT & ANALYSIS Indicator as reference:

Figure 1: Reference of turbidity level of the water sample filtered.

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Figure 2: Reference of colour of the water sample filtered Synthetic Raw Water used:

Figure 3: Synthetic Raw Water prepared as water sample. 5

Design of Water Purification System 1. Cotton pads – 1.5 cm 2. Garden soil – 5 cm 3. Fine sand (Depth) – 5 cm (Design 1), 6.5 cm (Design 2), 8 cm (Design 3) 4. Gravel – 5cm

Figure 4: Design 1.

Figure 6: Design 3.

Figure 5: Design 2.

Table 1: Results of Water Purification Designs. Design

Depth of fine Turbidity

Colour

Suspended

sand (cm)

(NTU)

Solid

1

5

100

Pale Gold

Not available

2

6.5

50

Straw

Not available

3

8

25

Pale Straw

Not available

6

Section 7: DISCUSSION Based on the observation of this experiment, the colour of water has changes from cloudy water to clear water. This is because the material used, have affected the change of colour of water. Before process of filter, the water was cloudy, so it shown that the water has high suspended solid and turbidity level. The ammonia nitrogen also higher in the contaminated water. This can be seen through eyes that the water is cloudy. So, there are three designed water purification system used to remove all of these to become clean water and the colour has change. As result in the table shows that comparison between used different depths of sand can get different results for wastewater. Based on scale for turbidity level of water, design 1 show that turbidity in 5cm fine sand has higher than design 2 that used 6.5cm with 100 NTU and 50 NTU respectively but for design 3 in 8 cm depth of activated carbon is 25 NTU. By referring colour scale in Standard Reference Method (SRM) Colour Guide design 1 show the colour pale gold, design 2 straw and design 3 pale straw. Therefore, in this design did not produce suspended solid. Besides, sand is one of the oldest and most commonly used methods of filtration because it is also one of the easiest to use. The use of the sand is to remove particulate matter, impurities that are not dissolved and large suspended particles will settle in the top layer of sand. The sand also used for the removal of suspended matter, as well as floating and sinkable particles. However, sand filter would not provide a sufficient filtering to turn chemically polluted water into drinking water. Next, the silica sand has added to neutralized acidic elements to create optimal pH balance. It is also to remove granular impurities, suspended solids and colloids to provide more clean water. Then, the function of the gravel is do not decontaminate the water, they just to remove larger suspended solid particles will settle the top layer of gravel. So, the action of removing suspended solid particles is defined as screening. Lastly, when poured the contaminated water into the filter, the filter allowing the water to pass through its surface while it traps the toxins and particles. This is because of the compaction of the garden soil, sand and gravel, so it become tiny holes to allowing the water. Additionally, after running the contaminated water through the filter a few times, it will appear to be clean water. Thus, the different layers of the filter help to trap the contaminant out of the water. During this project, there are several flaws and problem that occur while conducting the system for water filter. Even though this experiment ran smoothly but there might be some possible 7

error due to the lack of instrument to measure the quality of water in the right way. In example, the water that flew at first is not as clear as after that. This is because not washed the materials cleanly before developing the project so the dust of sand still there flowing with the water. Hence, this problem also can affect the quality of water. In order to further improve the system, a few changes need to be made to improve the efficiency of the water purification system. For example, use of larger water containers and increase the volume layer of porous material such as sand. Based on the design of filter with different height of the sand used. Thus, higher depth of the sand used, the turbidity of the water also will be decrease. This based on the design 3 which use the highest depth of sand compare produced clear effluent discharge compared to design 1 and design 2 which still content the turbidity in the water. Other than that, every layer of the materials needed to compact to avoid the suspended solid passed through to the end of the filtration. Lastly, pour the polluted water slowly so that the materials cannot mixed together, it will decrease the function of the materials.

Section 8: CONCLUSION This study conducted to analyse how the real wastewater treatment process for filtration with different height of sand, which is 5cm, 6.5 cm, and 8 cm. From the observation, the characteristic of the wastewater can be seen with a different height of sand. The higher the height of sand, the less turbidity value is. Also, the colour for bottle 3 is clearer compared to bottle 1 as bottle 3 has the highest height of sand that cause the wastewater to flow through the sand. With the wastewater flow through the sand, suspended will get filtered by the sand and make the water turning into a cleaner water with less value of turbidity. As a conclusion, the experiment objective has been achieved.

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Section 9: REFERENCES 1. Vandas, S. J., Winter, T. C., & Battaglin, W. A. (2002). Water and the Environment. Environmental Awareness Series (AGI). 2. Caldwell,

J.

A.

(1889).

Water

filtration.

Science,

13(331),

432–433.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ns-13.331.432 3. Emma. (2020). 10 Benefits of Using a Charcoal Water Filter. Retrieved from https://www.sunrusespecialty.com/charcoal-water-filter. 4. Phil, M, Namara. (2017). Water Filtration. 5 Benefits of using Charcoal Water Filters. Retrieved from https://www.waterfiltersfast.com/5-Benefits-of-Using-Charcoal-WaterFilters_b_64.html 5. Y. K. Siong, J. Idris, M. Mazer Atabaki. (2013). Performance of Activated Carbon in Water

Filters.

Retrieved

from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234060484_Performance_of_activated_carbon_ in_water_filters/stats 6. GROUP PROJECT VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEHbzpNpjpQ

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