HDFS 3063 Exam 2 - Lecture notes unit 2 PDF

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Dr. Purvis...

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*remember that the long response among short ones is most likely the answer to the question (ten questions on each section) Use the test to answer other questions

Chapter 4: Terms for kids with special needs Disability: wide range of varying abilities that can be physical, emotional, or cognitive Exceptional individuals: those with special needs, used instead of saying a disabled person, exceptional is just being different in some way than a typical child Typical child: different way of saying normal child because normal is subjective Key predictors for a person with special needs Number one key predictor of health and well being of a child with special needs Answer is social support Ambiguous loss Depending on the special need, the child may be there physically but not emotionally or verbally; physically present but psychologically absent Also includes boundary ambiguity: who is in and who is out of the family or relationship and uncertainty about who this includes or the future Research on children What the research focuses the most on… it lacks research on siblings and most of the research focuses on mothers Moms have been found to be the primary caregivers Needs more research on families with special needs from more diverse populations Resilience Important to have a variety of resources and problem solving skills in order to build resilience; beyond financial and physical resources Enhancing resilience includes… finding meaning as to why it happened, gaining a sense of control over the circumstances, maintaining personal identities from the disability, having a clear structure and defined roles and rules within the family Social supports There may be a period of social withdrawal for the family at the onset of the diagnosis Supports include churches, neighborhood, and friendships outside of the family External systems provide necessary treatments, interventions, services, information, and support for families which is critical to adjusting to a disability or special needs diagnosis Siblings Siblings of children with special needs have both positive and negative experiences They can have strong relationships with their disabled sibling; Some will struggle but it is possible to have positive experiences and childhoods

Siblings of a disabled brother displayed more behavioral problems than siblings of a disabled sister. Siblings of children with autism were emotionally close, no differences in psychosocial adjustment and social support for siblings of children with autism compared to siblings of children with down syndrome or typical children

Chapter 5: Ecological approach The approach taken when studying individuals who identify as LGBTQ Includes microsystem, macrosystem, etc. All of these influences have a big impact on individuals who identify as LGBTQ Development occurs within multiple intersecting contexts which shift throughout the lifecycle; important to use this lens with LGBQ individuals and families Coming out and impacts Coming out is not necessarily a linear process; Cass’s stage model: questioning and confusion, acceptance, and then pride and synthesis Individual identity and group membership are different This process is impacted by interpersonal and environmental threats: Social class and geographic location may limit ability to live open lives if not in an economically stable and safe community Race and ethnicity… becoming a double minority, hostile family attitudes, cultural norms of ethnicity that go against LGBQ race/ethnicity/coming out Racially coming out, white individuals have the easiest time coming out Blacks have the hardest time coming out This is because… blacks are already a minority and identifying as LBGTQ makes them a double minority group. This puts them at more risk and produces more hesitancy in coming out Same-sex couple relationship quality Differences between relationship quality in same sex couples and heterosexual couples? There are few differences in the quality of the relationships. Same-sex female couples report higher relationship quality than heterosexual couples Same-sex parents may be no more likely to separate than heterosexual parents Equality in relationship Lesbian couples value equality in relationships; more often perceive equal power in relationships than not Perceptions of equality linked to higher relationship satisfaction among same-sex couples Adoptions LGBQ couples are 4x more likely to adopt among couples with children

Adoption is one route to parenthood and also includes child from previous heterosexual relationship, alternative insemination, surrogacy, and co parenting relationship International adoption: may be used because no waiting but is complicated because no countries allow same-sex adoption, so they have to closet their relationship Adoptions can also be done through public child welfare or private adoptions through lawyers or agencies Heterosexism What is it? If given an example, be able to pick it out of a list Discrimination or bias against same-sex couples or relationships, assumes they are against the norm and heterosexual relationships are superior Chapter 6: Age category (young, old, middle old, etc.) Be able to know the ages for each of these categories Young-old: 64-74 Middle-old: 75-84 Oldest-old: 85 and above (fastest growing segment) Study of aging family Pertains to entire family systems, with emphasis on relationships, transitions, and social support networks of older family members; how aging impacts the relationships within the family and not just the older adults but everyone Aging and young families There are different types of events that occur in the lifespan Ex: when you are young there are events looking toward the future like leaving for college is hard when it is joyful and a good thing As you get older these events decline and are scarce Both age groups experience stress, it is just different (transitions from stress with career, marriage, growth, or kids to stress with physical decline and role strain or reversal) Stressors related to social or economic resources have a bell shaped curved over lifespan Life expectancy Women live longer than men and more women live alone than men; the level of stress for the sexes is evening out (used to be higher for men) Know things from the article and the class discussion… know the overall life expectancy exact number from the article: And which group had the largest drop in life expectancy? Aging and stress Types of stressors include role strains, daily hassles, life trauma events. Research emphasises how the stressors impact health and wellbeing Multilevel stressors include: macrosystem, exosystem, meso and microsystems

Stressful events later in life: retirement or the inability to retire, financial strain, relationships issues in retirement, caregiving Caregiver Caregiver burden: extensive demands on their time as well as difficulties that test their physical and mental endurance; multidimensional response to the negative appraisal and perceived stress resulting from taking care of an ill individual threatens health of the caregiver Chapter 7: Divorce by race Percentage of african american marriages projected to end in divorce? Answer is 70% DVFM/Fluidity Fluidity: constantly changes, fluctuating in good and bad times. Relationships continue to change and it is a process to adjust to the new way of life Fluidity is part of the DVFM model; there is variability in how family members experience and adjust to divorce and fluidity of adjustment over time divorce/resilience Predetermined levels of adjustment have a big impact on how the divorce unfolds; those who function well before are more protected against the effects and those who did not are more vulnerable to the changes and transitions Enhanced by support from close friends, children not blaming themselves for the divroce, retaining optimistic stance towards the changes that will occur Risk factors for divorce Being african american, living in the west and south of the US, living in an urban area, cohabitating premaritally, having a premarital birth, being remarried, having divorced parents, being less religious All of these compound to produce more risk Individual risk factors include: neuroticism, psychopathology, thinking of divorce, high levels of control in how you present to others Relationship risk factors: dissatisfaction with marriage, lower levels of commitment, marital aggression, more negative marital interactions Economic costs Women are more likely to be economically disadvantaged while men fare better Even if the mom makes more money before, she will have to pay more child support and take on more child responsibilities Person with primary custody pays more which is often the mother Children postdivorce Most children and adolescents experience adjustment difficulties for 1 to 2 years during and following the divorce; most adapt well to diverse forms for postdivorce family structure

Protective factors include: economic well being, positive relationships with parents, low levels of family conflict, higher levels of predivorce adjustment Cohabitation Factor most correlated to divorce with cohabitation is age of the couple Chapter 8: (has a lot of scenarios in the questions) Stepfamilies data 10% of children live with a stepparent (4.3% under 18, 5.7% over 18, 37% are 12-17, 33% are over 18, 23.5 are 6-11, and 6.8% are under 6) Children living with stepparents 64% live with mother and stepfather About half of stepfamilies have children living elsewhere 61% of these children are white, 21% are hispanic, 12.5% are african american Family systems theory What is it used for? To approach stress and resilience in stepfamilies Unique family dynamics and potential sources of stress in stepfamilies Stepfamily stress Sources of stress include family transitions and instability, less clarity regarding member roles and family boundaries, unrealistic expectations based on comparisons to traditional model Role confusion May have a new role within the new blended family after the divorce and remarrying Step dad was very involved before but now he is now as present in their lives and is trying to figure out what his responsibilities are with his stepchildren Changing birth order in a step family or blended family may also produce role confusion, for example one child isn’t the oldest anymore Subsystems Focus on the couples subsystem Learning how to be a couple in addition to learning how to co parent or parent in general, they do not get the honeymoon stage of a marriage where there are no kids They are thrown in the deep end from the very start Particularly vulnerable due to the stress originating in other subsystems and the continued presence of former partners and lingering relational concerns from previous marriage Step Couples lack the strong couple bond or conflict management skills necessary to overcome this stress mediator/interpreter/gatekeeper/defender Given a scenario of a mother and asked to choose if she's acting as one of these Mediator: peacekeeper, acting as the go between, stepping in to solve problems to reduce stepparent and stepchild conflict

Defender: defending the child, sticking up for them, making excuses for them as a result of perceived stepparent attacks Interpreter: speaking for the child, helping the child portray what they mean or what they are trying to say, interrupts disagreements using detailed explanations to help stepparents and stepchildren better understand one another Gatekeeper: the mom keeps the child apart from the other step parent, like saying no I will handle it you don’t worry about it, controlling and limiting the development of a close stepparent-stepchild relationship...