HE 211 Midterm 1 Notes PDF

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Study notes for the first half of the course ...

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HE 211 Midterm 1 Notes 1 Sexuality Intro Sex – genetic and physical characteristics Gender – psychosocial characteristics of femininity and masculinity (may outweigh genetics) Sexuality – physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual aspects of an individual that make up their unique sexual being – not just physical sexual acts  The whole person including thoughts, experiences, learnings, ideas, values and imaginings – mostly a learned phenomenon  Beliefs and values is one of the biggest components

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Sexuality has 5 aspects as described by Dailey (1984) o Sensuality  Relationship you have with your own body  Ability to accept and be aware of our own body  “most sexuality starts in the mind” o Intimacy  More than sex – the need and ability to experience emotional closeness to another (partner, friend, child)  Sexual intimacy is a deep discussion of sexual topics o Sexual identity  The continual process of discovering who we are in terms of our sexuality  Gender roles, orientation, self-esteem o Reproduction  Values, attitudes and behaviours related to reproduction  Biases about who should reproduce  Contraception and fertility issues  STI’s o Sexualization  Use of sexuality to influence, control or manipulate others  Sex sells because it raises endorphins  positive emotional reaction to the ad which increases memorability  The degree of overlap of the above 5 factors represents the degree of integration of the individuals “sexual beingness”

2. Perspectives on Human Sexuality 1. Historical o Prehistoric – female body was revered, phallic worship began (9000bc), incest taboo o Ancient Hebrew – + about marital reproductive sex, no homosexuality, women were property o Ancient Greek – valued family life, admired male bodies that were slim, prostitution flourished, men and women were seen as bisexual, women under mens dominance o Ancient Romans – sexual excess in upper classes (orgy), - homosexuality, women were property of husbands o Early Christians – sex was a distraction from god, only for procreation o Islam – valued family and pleasure in marital sex, double standards for sexes o Hindu – erotica ++ kama sutra, cast and pleasure were related, colonization ruined this

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o China – sexuality linked to spirituality, sacred duty, wasteful to “spill seed”, men absorbed women’s sexual energy o Middle ages – catholic church had a strong influence, Eve and virgin Mary, chivalry o Protestant reformation – priests could marry, approved of marital sex o Victorian – sexually repressive on the surface (covered furniture legs), Dr. Graham and Dr. Kellogg thought if you had whole grains like Graham crackers and Kellogg’s cereal you would be less likely to masturbate o Early 20th century - until 1950’s believed women did not desire sex o Sexual revolution (60/70’s) o Late 20th – reverse pendulum swing, more conservative, more teen sex, AIDS, birth control, liberation of women, Bush halted sexual research Biological o Focused on mechanism of reproduction/anatomy Cross Species o Some similarities: homosexuality, oral-genital contact etc. o Higher mammals are less instinct driven (not just for reproduction) Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives o Cross cultural – learned behaviours ex. kissing, rate of intercourse, young adults, incest taboo, polygamy, masturbation o Race, age, gender, religion, education all impacts sexual behaviour Psychological o Freud (psychoanalytic) Watson and Skinner (behaviourist – rewards/punishments, modelling)

Sexuality: Research + Ellis – female sexual desires are normal, homosexuality is acceptable and inborn - von Krafft-Ebbing – psychopathia sexualis – viewed deviances as mental illnesses + Freud – personality based on sex drive, not reliable studies though + Kinsey – most influential to study sexuality, goo methodology, females enjoy sex, many people had same sex relations, oral/anal sex is normal  + Masters and Johnson -studied human sexual response (4 stages), studied homosexuality  U of A research – students said: o Sex is right when it feels right (overall and males) sex is right when you’re committed (second and females) o ** Uni students practice what they believe is right – not high school students o Age of first sexual experience: mostly 16-18. (alternating through the age categories) o 53 % have vaginal sex often – 22% never o 0.9-2.3% often have anal sex and 70% never o 41% have oral sex often, 19% never o 0.6 have group sex often and 86% never o 86% have never had sex with violence o 50% have had 0-1 vaginal and oral sex partners o 22% “usually use a condom” o U of A students tended to have more partners than the rest of Canada – cultural because the higher your education the more likely you are to have more varied sex o Lower SES tend to have earlier sexual experiences, so U of A students have few sexual experiences before 14 o Relationship between alcohol use and sexual activity  Alcohol  more partners

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In males  less condom use...