CLCS181-midterm - Midterm 1 Notes Professor Rauh PDF

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Midterm 1 Notes
Professor Rauh...

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Chapter(7(Bronze(Age(Aegean( Homer&wrote&&Iliad&and&the&Odyssey* Iliad-*troy*siege* Odyssey-traumatic*return*from*Troy*of*hero*Odysseus* &Schliemann&excavated&the&mound&of&Hisarlik&(Troy)&in&1871;&and&followed&this&by&excavating&Mycenae&in& 1876.&(fur&trade&California)& a&British&archaeologist,&Sir(Arthur(Evans,&pursued&an&alternative&line&of&research&on&the&south&Aegean& island&of&Crete.& Greece,&long&heralded&as&the&“cradle”&of&Western&Civilization& Martin&Bernal&in&his&influential&work,&Black*Athena.&(linked&to&Greece&cradle&–&(^varcha&point)& &Minoan&Crete:&(tribe):&This¢ral&control&of&production,&storage,&and&maritime&distribution&is&referred& to&as&a&palace-based(economy.& Minoan:&Frescoes&reveal&emphasis&on&scenes&of&nature,&gaiety,&hedonism,&as&well&as&Evidence&of&bullsports&and&bull-sacrifices.& Warrior&chieftains&rode&horses&and&were&buried&in&earthen&mounds&known&as&tumuli& Mycenaean&nobles&demonstrated&their&aristocratic&status&by&recruiting&warriors&into&feudally&dependent& bands&(comitatus)( Mycenaean&King&referred&to&in&Linear&B&tablets&as&a&wanax& Architectural&features&at&Mycenae&are&Grave&Circle&and&&Cyclopean(fortification(walls& at&the&site&of&Dendra,&the&discovery&of&a&panoply(of(bronze(armor(with(boar’s(tusk(helmet&&conforms& with&the&descriptions&of&Mycenaean&armor&preserved&in&Homer.& A&crucial&indicator&of&Mycenaean&power&arises&in&the&form&of&colorfully&painted&"stirrup(jars"&used&to& export&surplus&commodities&of&wine&and&olive&oil& *Cyclopean(fortification(walls(that(mark&the&last&phase&of&monumental&construction&at&Mycenaean& palaces.& *Peace&of&Kadesh(treaty-&line&of&democration):&end&of&fight&between&Hittite&and&Egyptians&& the&Hittite&Archive,&makes&mentions&of&a&client&king&named&Alexander(of(Wilusa&urgently&summoning& assistance&against&the&Ahhijawa&&from&the&Great&King&at&Hattusas& &Despite&the&Great&King’s&assurances&of&security&the&Hittite&Empire&itself&collapsed&shortly&thereafter& (abandonment(of(Hattusas(ca.(1200&BC)& &in&addition&to&the&Treaty&of&Kadesh,&Ramses&constructed&a&large&city,&Pi-Ramsesses,&at&the&western&edge& of&the&Sinai&desert& the(Stele(of(Pharaoh(Merneptah&at&Karnak&records&the&first&external&reference&to&the&Israelites.*

Ramses&III&recorded&his&defeat&of&the&"Sea(Peoples,"&a&migrating&horde&of&armed&peoples&that&attacked& cities&along&the&eastern&Mediterranean&coast.& Aqaiwasha,(which&to&some&sounds&a&lot&like&the&Ahhijawa,&or&Achaeans,&that&is,&the&tribe&ruled&by& Agamemnon&of&Mycenae.& Peleset((Pulisati)&sounds&to&some&like&the&Philistines*(Palestine)* The&Lukka&people&were&most&probably&identical&with&the&ancient&Lycians& The&Tursha&people&have&been&identified&with&the&Tyrsenoi,&the&Greek&name&for&the&Etruscans& The&Sheklesh&people&sounds&like&Sikeloi,&the&natives&of&Sicily&encountered&by&Phoenicians&and&Greeks&& &The&Sherden&sounds&like&Sardinoi,&the&natives&of&Sardinia& M.&Bernal's&controversial&work,&Black&Athena& &

Lecture(9(--(Iron(Age(Near(Eastern(Empires& &the&designation&of&early&Classical&history&(referred&to&by&Greek&historians&as&the&Archaic&Period)&as&the( Iron(Age.& The&leading&societies&of&the&Early&Iron&Age&were&the&Phoenicians,(the(Assyrians,(the(Neo-Babylonians,( the(Iranians,(and(the(United(Kingdom(of(Israel( Phoenicia(managed&to&survive&the&passage&of&the&Sea&Peoples& imited&maneuverability&of&ancient&sailing&technology&prohibited&“tacking”&to&any&significant°ree& advancing&as&little&as&3-5&km&per&sailing&day,&something&commonly&referred&to&as&the&“great(maritime( crawl”&of&the&eastern&Mediterranean.& Phoenicians&devised&the&first&true&alphabet&(22&letters)&& &a&vastly&higher&percentage&of&Mediterranean&populations&became&“functionally&literate,”&in&the&Classical& era.& From&a&religious&and&literary&perspective&the&Phoenicians&cultivated&the(Baal(cult,&and&thus&became&a& competing&religious&influence&to&the&Yahweh&cult&of&the&Israelites.& Assyrians-&great&god&Assur& Babylonians&and&the&Medes,&who&combine&forces&to&crush&the&Assyrians,&destroying&Nineveh& Persia:& &satraps&–&governors& satrapies&–&provinces& Darius&also&used&a&network&of&spies&("eyes(and(ears(of(the(king")&to&keep&tabs&on&governors&in&remote& provinces.& &he&constructed&the&Royal(Road(–(3000(miles,(Sardis(to(Susa(

&"Pony&Express"&riders&could&convey&messages&along&its&length&in&two&weeks’&time.& Persian&capitals&-&three&great&capitals&-&Persepolis,&Susa,&and&Ecbatana& &Zoroaster&was&a&Persian&prophet&–&cosmic&dualism&& Divine&hero&–&Mithras(rise&from&dead),&Ahura-Mazda,&the&god&of&light,&truth,&and&order,& and&Ahriman&(the&god&of&darkness,&chaos,&and&injustice)& The&Sacred&books&of&Zorastrianism&survive&as&the&Zend-Avesta.& Persians&didn’t&train&together&so&dint&have&force&cohesion,&or&esprit*de*corps* four&characteristics&-&&Ancient&Near&Eastern&Empires:&& Ø&army&-&native&contingents&and&auxiliaries& Ø&bureaucracy&--&harem&aristocracy,&governing&by&extended&families& Ø&religion&-&syncretism,&intermarriage&of&gods,&toleration& Ø&tribute&-&&explained&in&earlier&chapter&

& 10.(ANCIENT(ISRAEL( Our&knowledge&of&Israel&based&on&Old&Testament& Each&tribe&was&ruled&by&councils&of&judges&or&Suffetes( King&David’s&reign&is&represented&the&greatest&extent&of&the&Israelite&Empire&and&was&recalled& as&a&&"golden&age.& David&established&his&capital&at&the&former&Canaanite&citadel&of&Jerusalem& King&Soloman&used&conscript&labor,&the&prytany&system&(a&monthly&rotation&scheme),&to&construct&these& edifices& Someone&conquered&Israel&and&conducted&mass&deportation.&There&the&ruling&elite&of&Israel&became& submerged&beneath&the&native&population&(the&"lost&tribes").&This&also&marked&the&Era(of(the(Reforming( Prophets& Most&pastoralists&did¬&wander&long&distances,&but&rather&engaged&in&transhumance( &the(prophets,&those&perceived&(and&perceiving&themselves)&as&divinely&inspired&by&the&deity.& councils&of&elders&(suffetes)& *the&Hebrews&worshiped&Yahweh( the&tendency&to&focus&on&one&god&at&the&expense&of&all&others&is&called&henotheism.& "yeoman"&stock&of&citizen-soldier-farmers&–&King&David’s&army&and&built&palace&and&temple& The&resentment&felt&by&Israelite&citizens&against&these&proceedings&is&demonstrated&by&the&accusations& preserved&in&Isaiah( redress&by&Israelite&citizens&was&obtained&by&turning&to&the&leadership&of&the&reforming(prophets(

Ten(Commandments(–(Hebrew/Israel( the&expressions&recorded&in&the&works&of&the&reforming&prophets&articulated&for&the&first&time&a& resounding&denial(of(the(divine(right(of(kings.& &the(principle(of(the(dignity(of(humankind;&put&simply,&that&citizens&of&a&given&society&have&rights&that& are&inalienable,&even&before&the&authority&of&a&king.&

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11.(Majha(Bharat(Mahan(...