ENGL 50 Midterm - Professor Black PDF

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Professor Black...

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Two Parts: -

Ket Term Identification (3-4 sentences)

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Passage Identifications: author, title, significance (5-7 sentences)

Key Term ID’s Issei -

refers to the generation of Icherio's parents, Japanese immigrants who moved to U.S

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Considered aliens and have zero chance of becoming naturalized, they difficulties assimilating

Yellow Peril -

fear of people coming from other places Threat of Asian peoples’ and presumed culture to white civilization, culture, and racial purity Threat of Asian immigration Sexual threat to white civilization that must be subdued Characterized in popular culture by the character fu man chu “White man’s burden” Similar to orientalism but different - Different: threat, the economic moves the U.S did to stem the peril Mestizaje -

Process of Indigenous and spanish people Spanish for miscegenation which is the mixing of racial groups through marriage/sexual relations Recognizes african decent - People of African descent are often left out of the idea of a mestizo nation Meant to be an empowered term → identify indigenous presences before colonizers came Puerto Rican history includes the transport of slaves to the new world, they could be considered “black” in some ways

Discourse -

Language (representation) produced by intellectual, social, political, and legal authorities Governs the representation and “representability” of a subject Isn't something that just anyone can produce Governs the production about history Delimits the field of inquiry Discourses are produced by authority who have the power to define what it is Establishes what evidence is valid Produces, defines, and controls the subject Problems - That discourse is going to govern what we know and understand about that specific thing - Ex. UCSB is a “party school” → there is a construct that UCSB is a party school (a drunk person = confirms the idea in language)

- Truth Effect: confirms what was already a representation produced by an authority for sinister reasons Young Lords Party

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Human rights organization from chicago to fight for neighborhood empowerment of puerto ricans

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Tactics used: mass education, community programs, and direct confrontation

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Victims of cointelpro program

Asian Exclusion Racism -

Definition of Race: policy and practice (the things that give race meaning) Definition of Racism: “the state-sanctioned or extralegal production and exploitation of group differentiated vulnerability to premature death” → Ruth Wilson Gilmore -

Race is a construct → somebody came up with terms, and called people that (ex. Millennial)

White Man’s Burden FHA

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The letters FHA stands for the Federal Housing Administration. This Administration was constructed by the government in 1943 to set construction standards and write loans for home building. Unfortunately, this administration was prone to racist practices. They would not provide loans in areas which they deemed to be ‘risky investments’ (i.e. ones with many Black people living within them)

Bhagat Singh Thind -

South Asian immigrant that said Indians were Arian ?? Court said Thind was caucasian but not white - Whiteness was what they common man said it was - People were stipped of their citizenship and property - Ex. people took their own lives because of it Community Control

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sought to dismantle racial & sex hierarchy and US class structure Issues: police abuse/ Unfair treatment of immigrants/ exclusion from social services/ exploitation of workers/ US domination of 3rd World countries Redistribution of economic & political opportunities

Operation Wetback

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Immigration law enforcement in the middle of temporary guest worker program which is initiated by the government (2 millions labor deported)

Asian American Critique -

The refusal of aligning oneself w/ aligning w/ Americanness and a normative form of narrative closure. -

"No-No Boy" a form of critique against American and Asian norms, that is aligned with a political response

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meant to be critical of Asian- American exclusion

Third World Left

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Organizations that identified as revolutionary nationalist, marxists, leninist or maoist (always anti-capitalist) - At least ½ p.o.c - Racialization as a process - What they are rejecting is that there is something biological, innate, that is the essence of blackness → race, policy, and practice produce the meaning of race

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- The process of racialization can take place over time - Self defense & community service & control (all work together) - Significant to Young Lords Party - Self defense: police brutality, the inside of prisons, etc. Sought to dismantle racial hierarchy and U.S class structure Issues: police abuse, unfair treatment of immigrants, exclusion from social services exploitation of workers, U.S domination of 3rd world countries Redistribution of economic and political opportunities

Japanese Internment -

Dec. 7 1941 = Pearl Harbor → meant to be symbol of permanent presence of U.S in Hawaii

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Military Areas = designated exclusion zones - All or any person can be excluded from that area - Executive Order 9066 Power given to military allows the military to exclude persons of Japanese descent from the Pacific except from internment camps Born of Japanese descent but born in the U.S = NeSay (?) generation Internment was applied unevenly (racially applied) - Germans were also interned → under 10,00

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Italians → about 700

Racial Order

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Often thought of as a dichotomy, between whites (superior) and Blacks (inferior). People often fail to recognize the Insiders (Model Minorities) and Outsiders (Those who refuse to assimilate) which fall in between the two on the spectrum that is the order. The order is consistently reproduced to pit different groups against each other in order to reproduce the order and maintain racial status quo.

Asiatic Barred Zone -

Asiatic Barred Zones Literacy Tests Tax imposed on immigrants Discourses have force in society → it compels one to act or move in a certain way

- Tried to give legitimacy to certain laws and policies - Immigration Act of 1917 - Asiatic Barred Zone - Prohibits the immigration of any person whose ancestry could be traces to the Asian continent of Pacific Island - Literacy tests - Tax imposed on immigrants - Restricts the immigration of “undesirables” - (idiots, imbeciles, epileptics, alcoholics, poor, criminals, beggars, andy person suffering attacks of insanity, those with tuberculosis, those who have any form of dangerous contagious disease, aliens who have a physical disability, polygamists, prostitutes) - 62% of Japanese who were interned were actually American citizens White Flight - when whites move out of an area due to the influx of people of color Redlining -

a way of dividing communities or neighborhoods, people of color are associated with economic status as being a risky investment. - If you lived in a zone that was redlines then it wasn’t likely the FHA would back home loans to purchase properties in that area - Result = blacks were left to a rental market, people were trapped in the inner cities (concentration of poverty), Takao Ozawa r -

Ozawa (Japanese) petitioned the court for a naturalized citizen The Japanese could not have the full protection of American Law unless they were citizens “Race shouldn’t matter for citizenships, what really mattered was a person’s beliefs” Court ruled he could not be a citizen because he wasn’t white

Outer Dikes -

This phrase refers to the vast areas of the world which is under white political control despite being largely inhabited by people of color. These spaces have been colonized by white settlers at some point in their history and are often still living under the restraints placed upon them during that colonization. This phrase is used often racial geopolitical theory.

Model Minority Myth -

Racial Order graph ( inferior/ superior, insider/ outsider) -

insiders are perceived as loyal to the nation

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perception that some groups are more desirable

COINTELPRO -

COunter INTELligence PROgram (FBI protected)

Jones Act Nisei -

asian american US citizens( not first generation)

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they were still interned -

during internment, loyalty acts made them reassure their citizenship

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racialization trumps citizenship

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more interned than issei

Race -

Race is a social/political construct that is given meaning by policy and practice such as Jim Crow laws.

Mestizo - The intermixing of Spanish and Indigenous people Orientalism -

Trying to describe a process of dominance and differences

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Established power over another, through knowleds, language, history and culture

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Seen as another and a threat (sexual threate over women and children)

Color Blindness -

The idea that race is no longer a factor and race is no longer seen. -

though of a way to get rid of racism

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ignores long history of racial discrimination in the U.S

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tends to emphasize class over race

No No Boy During WWII when Japanese- Americans were drafted for the war they were asked two questions to see if they were loyal to the U.S. 1) Will you enlist? 2) Will you denounce ties/ loyalty to Japan and only answer to the U.S. Inner Dikes -

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Metaphor of a flood of brown and yellow races threatening to break through the racial homelands of the Anglo-Saxons Swamping of white civilization Metaphor of a flood of ( yellow/brown races) threatening to break through the racial homelands of anglo-saxons → threatening the white race

Revolving Door Thesis - Puerto Ricans coming to US to work then return home Bracero Program

Mexican Bracero program: inclusive within boarder, but exclusive segregated within the country→ not given full citizen rights (temporary) Differential Racialization -

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Every group experience racism differently based on different context. Occuring in contrast to other groups on racial order

Texts No No Boy, by John Okada Down These Mean Streets by Piri Thomas “Puerto Rican Obituary” by Pedro Pietri “Yo Soy Joaquin” by Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales “La Nueva Chicana” by Vida Correa “Inner Dikes and Barred Zones” by Robert Lee - Deals with Asian immigration and the way that Asian peoples come to represent the limit of the nation → forced outside or brought ot be exploited for their labor - Convinced by saying they are taking our money “Immigration, Citizenship, Racialization: Asian American Critique” by Lisa Lowe “The Politics of Solidarity: Interethnic Relations in the Third World Left” by Laura Pulido The House We Live in ( Film) -

Color Blindness

Pa’lante Siempre Pa’Lante: The Young Lords (film) ENGL 50 Lectures Weeks 1-5

Review Lecture -

People can be differentially racialized

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Differential racialization = every group will experience racism, distinctly, based on the context of their entry into the United States. It is also occurring in comparison to other groups on the racial order. - Ex. Cuban vs Puerto Rican migration (Puerto Ricans = citizens)

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Model Minority Myth emerges after WWII - At a time when African Americans are starting the Civil Rights Movement (1950’s) - In this period is when the MM Myth emerges to see Asian Americans distinct from African Americans - This mythology works to demonized African American strives for inclusion - Helps conceptualize how different groups are situated in the United States in a racial context - Bad because it puts races against each other

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Down These Mean Streets (Issues) - Mestizo - This idea sought to address the realities of Spanish colonization and the relationship with the indigenous population - Emerges → the idea that there is a unique latin sensibility because of their unique history -

African → enslaved Africans weren’t apart of this new tapestry of life -

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There is a need for puerto ricans to acknowledge the reality of African Americans In Piri’s travels, how his sense of racial identity develops, is impacted, etc. - Ex. employment, in the school, brothel, work on ship, etc. - How had his concept of himself transforms at each place - Not just talking about his racial identity, but also his gendered identity (sexuality) → he wants to be understood as a puerto

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Puerto Rican Immigration - Third World Left → looking and organizing ways to create direct action -

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rican or black man. To perform this masculinity is to “fuck” a white woman. It ends up distancing him from some of his closest friends that are trying to help him understand the terrain, but when he wants to separate himself from blackness he separates himself from Brew

Context of Chicano-ism and Mexican migration

Mexican Immigration - Revolving Door Metaphor

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Late 19th Century → We find people from other countries to do cheap labor, exploiting them = always an American thing -

In the late 19th Cent. = demand for cheap labor - Industrial Revolution, Asian Exclusion Act, War, End of Slavery (don’t have those workers anymore) - US developed transportation (railroads) → need people to build it

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Depression Era Deportations - 500K people kicked out of the U. WWII: Bracero Program (1942-1964) - A guest worker program, made alongside the Mexican government, that gives people temporary work permits (4 million) - Then deported Operation Wetback (1954) - The Gov. terms the deportation of Mexican “Operation Wetback” - In the middle of the Bracero Program they began deporting people (2 million) - After the program ends, the Gov. imposed quotas given to Mexican migrants (during the mid 60’s) → quota to how many they will permit to enter the U.S -

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This quota system didn’t slow Mexican movement across the border but did close legal entrance for the majority of Mexicans - The possibility of legal entry is narrowed to those few who can get a visa for that quota system, leaves everyone else in a space of being illegal 1982 Department of Defense Authorization Act - The nullify the statutes that prohibit the army and civilian law enforcement - Got rid of statute - When we call upon the military it often deals with a foreign adversary - Made it easier for military and civilians to work together - INS (Immigration and Naturalization Services) → gets transferred from the department of labor to a security issue, the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice -

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The discourses that argue why we need walls and border protection against terrorism, crime, and security issues that emerge

Chicano Rights Movement - And extension of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement

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People are interested in self determination, nationalism, cultural nationalism Mestizaje - Doesn’t ignore African Presence - Thinks about spiritual and aesthetic dimension

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“Yo Soy Joaquin” - Launches the Chicano Rights Movement - First section - Lament and retreatment into the people (inward) - They are in the US but poor and broke. They either lose their soul to survive or keep their soul remain hungry - Second section - Wants to show transformation between past and present - The tension because the transition is riddles with violence - Third section - The declaration of a new revolutionary identity - This identity will change the world - Being chicano should be a revolutionary identity that is a revision of history, that reevaluated the history of their own writing, and at the end emerges a powerful revolutionary subject - Joaquin = a powerful subject that brings them revolutionary ideas

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“La Nueva Chicana” by Vida Correa - Vida Correa = referred to herself as a “pachuca” - Trying to capture a past, present, and future through poetry - Art becomes a powerful form of resistance - There is an attempt through all the poems to create a new identity that share the same culture - Sharing experience and testimony become central to poetic expressions - There is an attempt to unite women across all different backgrounds - Ex. women in the barret, somebody fasting, somebody protesting, somebody ironing clothes → validation of the everyday life and world of the Chicanas and a testimony to building a new radical sensibility

Section Midterm Review Part 1: Term + Term - Define and explain / contextualize - Will be given pairs of terms, get to choose out of the given - Define each term in the set and contextualize them in relation to each other

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Ex. No No Boy & Japanese Internment Ex. Discourse & Orientalism - Orientalism was one of the discourses that allowed for Japanese internment

Part 2: Passage + Term - Author, Title, Significance, & context of text - Harlem Hospital passage → where you are born defines what race you are Stuff to Know - Dates - Bracero Program (means “strong armed program” → positive and enticing name) -

Operation Wetback (significance of name → refers to Mexicans crossing the border, rivers, etc. Operation = negative)...