IAS45 Midterm Review - Professor Gottreich PDF

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Professor Gottreich ...

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Practice Essay Questions 1. How has the “civilizing process” stayed the same and changed across different places and over time? ● 5 W’s: Weather, Wealth, Wisdom, Weapons, Workers ● Agents & Continuity ● Define “civilizing process” ○ Going from nomads to farmers ○ Neolithic revolution ● Mesopotamia ● Gilgamesh ● Hammurabi - These codes provide a way to govern ● Imposing rule - imperialism ○ Imposing their civilization on the “barbaric” - conquest of new spain Rousseau Urbanization 2. How have nature and the environment proven crucial to the formation and the development of civilizations? Lectures (Mesopotamia) to see how river basin played a crucial role in economic development People stay in one place Specialization Division of labor Not just focused on survival Using rivers to trade as well Egypt had hieroglyphics Triangular trade: Diversity of goods and materials Tenochtitlan built on water - literal formation of civilization Security from outsiders Architecture Plantations Territorial division during Mita system under Incan Natal alienation - removing them when they are young forcefully from natural environment and they act differently than they otherwise would have (Kant: you’re not free unless you choose to be free) 3. Does natal alienation contribute to the construction or the destruction of empires? 

Natal Alienation: Changes in behavior due to a new environment or community

Devshirme (sending their children to Slavery - construction of empires - Gender imbalance Bacon’s rebellion Queen NZinga

Touissaint - Haitian revolution

Class Themes & Corresponding Current Events: Please post below a link to the article you selected for the current event(s) (GLOBAL! Do not select national news) assignment for this week. Select articles from either the Economist or the New York Times. Please make sure to engage the following aspects in your post: Who? What? When? Where? Please always answer these four questions systematically at the beginning of your analysis. Explain the significance of the current event you selected and relate it to concepts discussed in class. Go through your notes from lecture and section and identify key concepts. Explain how the key concepts we discussed in class relate to your article. Keep in mind and evoke the five categories around which this class is structured: 1.

 Environment/Nature

Current Event 1: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Environment/Nature: Current Event 2: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Environment/Nature: 2.

Society/Workers

Current Event 1: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Society/Workers: Current Event 2: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What:

When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Society/Workers: 3.

Economy/Merchants

Current Event 1: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Economy/Merchants: Current Event 2: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Economy/Merchants: 4.

Politics/Soldiers

Current Event 1: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Politics/Soldiers: Current Event 2: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Politics/Soldiers: 5.

Culture/Sages

Current Event 1: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When:

Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Culture/Sages: Current Event 2: [Title] Link: [insert link] Who: What: When: Where: Summary & Significance: How It Relates to Culture/Sages: Comprehensive Essay 1) Environment & nature: disease, water for agriculture and civilization (uruk, aztecs/ incas), floodings, slavery, division of labor, natural disasters 2)

Society & its workers: slavery, division of labor

3) Politics & its soldiers: discovery of the new world (cortes), china & war, africa: soldiers/merchants benefit from slave trade, mercantilism 4)

Economy & its merchants: silver-columbian exchange, marco Polo

5)

Culture & sages: confucius, Rousseau, social contract, Kant

Lectures Realms / Protagonists/ Agents 5w’s= 5 kinds of power (from lecture, agents) weather, work, wealth, weapons, wisdom Weapons used to expand empire Wisdom: ideas used to legitimize forms of power Merchant activities used to fund such power Enlightenment vs. The enlightenment Enlightenment: achievement of higher wisdom or truth- often spiritual insight- with social & political implications The Enlightenment: 18th century movement term in the celebration of the individual use of reason & its potential to reform the society & politics Lecture/discussion Notes Event/Person

Summary

Historical implications

Mesopotamia

Sumerian city-state Akkadian/Babylonian empires Greek civilization Persian empire 550330bce Sparta Corinth Athens Melian Dialogue Roman empire Islamic empire Ottoman empire 12991921 CE

● Wheel, horse, chariot ● Btwn 2 rivers ● City states ● Ziggurats (houses of gods) ● Sumerians=most powerful (then Akkadians) ○ Social hierarchies, familial based ● First scribes (top of social ladder)

Environment: Concept/Actor Calving: Event Humans/Other: Relation

Pax Sinica (china) 221bce-220ce

● River civilization ● Religion: ancestor worship, mandate of heaven ● Shang, zhou, warring states, qin dynasties: family rule ● Taxes show loyalty to empire ● Disunity of warring states leads to prosperity intellectually ● QIN: emperor SHI HUANGDI: legalism, cen. Pwer, great wall from barbarians ○ Census, coin, weights and measures, cuniform, script, intellectual life=threat to authority ○ Xianyang=capital Divine right to rule--mandate of heaven CENTRALIZED and run peripheries --walls **assimilation

●

Pax Romana

● Monarch city-state ● patriarchal ● Influenced by greeks (alphabet, religion-polytheistic, arts--until chirsitainity in common era) ● Roman civil war ● Apex 100bce-100ce ● Ar and dictatorhsip ● Agriculture: olives, grapes, grain ● Roads ● Harsh response to rebellions ● Romans behave diff with victory and tax conquered people more to make money (more empire=more revenue) ● Spartacus--gladiator (former slave leads first slave rebellion in the world) ● More diverse than china ● Seek to rule thru local leaders

Globalization

● Trade spreads religion, goods, disease in afro eurasia ● Silk Roads: Chinese and Roman empires ● Sea Roads: less transportation cost ○ triangular web in indian ocean ● Sand Roads: trans-saharan trade=islam to Africa ○ Salt gold iory slaves ○ University with 25k students ● Timbuktu gets rich

● Get the world in contact ● trade=econ=now nations find efficient ways to make money ● DISEASE

Syncretism vs. purity

● Christians stressed purity-Justification for conquest

● Syncretism is the joining of diff cultures/religions ● This comes with globalization and conquest

Tang Dynasty China 618-907CE

● First written civil service exam ● taoism/confucianism-Persecution of Buddhism ● Battle of Tours Poitiers 732CE: Islam vs christianity

Multiculturalism

● In europe--”Christendom” controls Spain and Jerusalem ● Islam develops as military conquest ● Jews were less likely to have wars of conquest

Crusades and Christendom 10951272CE

● Christ. Unites europe (language=latin, struc=feudalism) ● Single culture by defining it against other countries

Saladin

● Muslim of Kurdish origin ● Defeated crusaders and became sultan of islamic state ● Prevented massacres ● Chivalry > european knights

Sack of constantinople (Byzantine)

● ● ●

Internal crusades of Europe

● Spain’s reconquista 718-1492 cath vs. jew/mus ● Spanish inquisition 1478 ● France: Albigensian crusade 1208-1241 ○ Catholics vs heretics ○ Burn cathar heretics ● East euro: Livonian crusade 13th cent ○ Cath church vs last pagans of europe and russian orthodox ○ Teutonic knights=warrior monks

Pope calls for holy war Turks capture istanbul Turning pt for christians

Us vs. them

Pax Mongolia 12061368 CE

Ming Dynasty --follows mongols

● christians see nomadic huns as barbaric ● Mongols: tribal, horseback, destructive, create huge empire ● Ghengis Khan 1162-1227 ○ Spread DNA with conquest ● Small population, Women have more rights ● Destory muslim areas-christians get excited ● Conquests ○ China 1209-79 ○ Persia: 1219-1221 ○ Baghdad: 1258 ○ Fail attack on japan-1274-81 ○ Introduce gun powder ● Khubilai Khan (Ruler) 1271-94-and founder of YUAN Dynasty

● Huge power but very destructive

Ottoman Dynasty-empire

● Founded by Osman ● Mostly Muslims ● Strongest Euros at at the time ● Longest euro dynasty ● Non-muslim minorities forced into groups for own rulers ● Complex bureau sys so best/brightest lead ● Always wanted to conquer Vienna (center of Europe) but never could

Marco Polo

● Republic of Venice 679-1797 ● Merchant of venice ● Voyage, Columbus read his book ● syncretic>pure

Columbian Exchange

● Africa, Europe, and New World ● Disease, slaves, potatoes, tomatoes ● Raw materials back to euro ● Peace treaties, divided rule ● “Othering” civilization vs. barbarians ● “Old” vs. “new” world

● World economy growing ● Dependence on eachother ● Disease kills indigenous Americans so euros get slaves from africa ● Economic motive for dehumanization

New world (Americas)

● Internal momentum: ? ○ Splendid isolation (everything was fine before the euro invasion) ○ or Impoverished misery (the euros saved the Amerindians from an uncivil state)

Inca Empire

● South america--tribe called “Cuzco” ● Strong central state 1438-1533 ● Terr divide, bureaucracy, streets ● Mita labor system ● Divine origin of rulers ● Language: Qhechua ● Quipu: counting/recording system with knots ● Welfare system, men need to marry by aged 20

Aztecas

● Today’s mexico ● Polytheists ● Monarch has divine right ● Arrived 1218 ● Texcoco Lake=”Tenochtitlan” 1345 ● Religion, war and conquest admin through captives and payments ● 1430-Victory of Triple Alliance: aztec, texecoco, tenochtit ● Viewed Teno. as center of world with water ways (pic)

Cortes

● From spain ● Conquers aztecs ● Cortes vs Montezuma ● Turn tribes against each other so caught between fight (Colonial method: for own benefit)

Old world (turing this time)

● Crusades, pursuit of “purity” ● Mughal EMpire (Mongols) 15261857--islamic ● China sees itself as center of the world, not much expansion/conquest ○ Zheng He: chinese muslim explorer--expeditions were much less than euros (1405-33)

Key term/concept

Historical context/ 5 W’s

Analysis/connection/Current Event Example

Language

Nationalism/connector

Astra (Persian Language)

Caste system

Social hierarchies and their elites

Athens: 1. Priests 2. Merchants 3. Soldiers

Natal alienation

Remove creature from native environment/community and they change.

Removing

Civilization/ div of labor

Groups of shared cultural, social practice / Work + wealth + weapons + wisdom

Barbarians

Self vs. other (Civilization vs barb) Tribal

Euros saw most nonchristians/natives this way un civilized

Creation myths

Social construct to justify the unnatural

Hindu Myth - Purusha Gilgamesh

city-state

City=Fortress,

Jericho, Jerusalem, Mecca

Urbanization

Process by which cities grow 9 farmers to provide for 1 urban dweller until 20th century

Rome

Monotheism

● Middle eastern idea ● “Abrahamic” religions: christian, islam, not judaism (universalism) ● ABraham is first patriarch ● All three have slavery because $$

● new=one god rather than polytheism/ancestor worship

Universalism

● Monotheistic idea ● Everyone needs to be a member ● Actively looking for converts ● Ch and islam

Judaism

● Can't say “god” ● To be fears and served via his law ● “The chosen people” serve ● Laws>one person rule humankind ○ About 600

Religious texts

● Torah: Jewish ● 10 commandments ○ Christ. defines itself by diff from Jud Qur’an recites messages from god that were told to Muhammed

Problematic--crusades--can both be right??

Epic vs religious text Great truth or great fiction? authorship?

Christianity

● Jesus was a jewish shaman and calls himself the Messiah, anointed one ● Unattainable in Judaism because no in between divine and people ● Pontius pilate puts him to death ● Salvation religion ● World-denying andi political ● Good vs evil, heaven vs hell ● Wealthy excluded from salvation ● Holy trinity: God, Jesus, Holy spirit=ONE ○ Muslims say no, one=one

Islam=”submission” Muslims= “Those who submit”

● Muhammed was final and most important messenger of god ○ Born 571 ce ○ illiterate ● Allah=God in arabic ● Mecca=pilgrimage center and TRADE ● Hira Cave-spiritual retreat where muh woke up with angel gabriel with message from God ● Muhammed goes to medina to become mayor and leaves his tribe ● Someone needs to take over after Muhammed and islam EXPANDS ● One god ● People of the book: group who are tolerated under islamic rule and can stay asl long as they have a book ● Spread in 7th cent with triangular trade ● Dietary laws ○ Strict laws like judaism

Dualism

Confucius Mind vs body correct vs error

Buddhism

● Inverted monotheism ● Siddhartha Gautama 563-483 bce ● 4 noble truths: human life is suffering, suffering is from human desires, end suffering by ending desire, desire ends with 8fold path to Nirvana ● No “God” ● Concerned with human path, what you are looking for is inside ● Universal (available for anyone) ● Enlighten other people ● King Ashoka ○ Over time see Buddha as “god”

Key Terms from Lectures Syncretism: ex: religion, economy Natal alienation: ex:(doña marina, diaz text), equiano, zheng he Universal truth Anthropomorphism: used to compare empires Nationalism Creole elite: Elites from Latin America Upward mobility Legitimacy Universalism: proselytizing, monotheism,seeks that everyone needs to be a member. Worldview that everyone has a place in that religion Globalization Social hierarchy Enlightenment: conservative, moderate, radical (sage+ worker) Mercantilism Purity

Environment/Nature/Weather as historical force 1. Yellow fever decimated European armies 2. River (what Daniel said) The Dark Side of Enlightenment? Discussion Sections Please post discussion notes here. Readings For each reading, please: 1. Summarize - write down key points & key figures 2. Analyze - how does it relate to any of the 5 themes in this class? Part I: World History Themes from Mesopotamia to the Mongols Week 1: Gilgamesh; Hammurabi; WTWA 2, 3 P. 94 - 96 Krystal Gilgamesh,Enkidu. Key points: Gilgamesh is part god and part human, leading to immense strength. Because of his strength, he is a tyrant of a ruler without any equals to make him be a better ruler. Enkidu is created as a pure strong being in order to defeat Gilgamesh and to “Change the old order” (65). Enkidu and Gilgamesh fight and G wins but both are grateful to find their match and they become friends. 1. Relates to politics and its soldiers. Sages and Culture? G is a ruler and in order to make a good society, a just ruler should be just. E is created to be the pure ruler that G needs to become. 2. Ch. 2: World’s first complex society arose in Mesopotamia Uruk, first ancient city/urban center. Because of cities division of labor emerged as well as hierarchies based on gender, wealth etc.. birthplace of first writing system. Built around euphrates river. All 5 themes seen 3.

Rivers created

Week 2: Plato; Thucydides; Confucius; WTWA 5, 7 Natalie Plato (Greece: 429 - 347 BC) The Apology of Socrates Key figures: ● Socrates(469-399BC) ○ Athenian public figure, participant of common intellectual debates, great influence but never wrote anything ● Plato ○ Pupil of socrates, inherits his optimistic view and universal truths ○ Went beyond socrates to assert that universal truths exist and constructed a philosophical system around them--infl on Western phil and religion ○ Things seen are temporal, things not seen are eternal ○ People “born” to understand platonic idealism ○ Goal is good life for man ○ Profound Truths ○ “Until philosophers are Kings”...states will never rest from their evils, nor the human race ○ Dualism of the body and soul stemmed from Plato’s exaggerated divide between truth and error

Key points (SOCRATES): ● This is from Socrates trial, 5 yrs after fall of Athenian empire. Athenians try him for triple charge of denying the state gods, introducing new divinities, and corrupting youth ● He likes to critique and bring up new/different challenges, but his accusers saw this as evil ● Socrates wants people to think for themselves. He thinks himself wise, but realizes that using others’ ideas is not wisdom. ● “I am better off than he is--for he knows nothing, and thinks he knows; I neither know nor think that I know...I seem to have slightly the advantage of him” ● When looking for someone wiser than himself, realized politicians are NOT. ● Poets say great things but don’t know the meaning. ● People like to accuse but cannot define which bad practices he teaches. ● He doesn’t want to be released on the condition that he stops interrogating people. ● “For if you kill me you will not easily find a successor to e, who if i may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am sort of a gadfly, given to the state by God...I would advise you to spare me” ● Improve yourself > disable others ● ‘Punish my sons if they care more about riches than virtue’ Analysis: Connect to enlightenment thinkers (Kant) to challenge what we accept. Key points (PLATO’s Allegory of the Cave): ● Dialogue of Socrates and Glaucon ● Prisoners who are released and begin to see the light won’t know how to interpret reality outside the cave ● Move away from shadows towards the one truth (sun) ● Journey upward is the ascent of the soul into intellectual world according to his belief ● Compel philosophors to care for others ● Great ruling philosophers must ensure wisdom>riches Analysis: Thucydides: Melian Dialogue Key figures: Thucydides ● wrote history of war between Athens and Sparta (Peloponnesian War) ● Athenian historian Key points: ● During Peloponnesian war (Athens vs Sparta) ● Small city Melos on shore...neutral and athens went to pressure ● Melos wants to remain free because fear they slavery with submission ● Athenians: “Strong do what they can and weak suffer what they must” ● Athenians wanted to grow empire for image and security, it shows weakness to allow Melos to be free ● Melians decide to stay neutral and be friends with both and want a treaty with both ● Some battles later, Athens ends up seizing Melos Analysis: Confucius: The Analects Key figures: Confucius

Key points: ● He stressed virtue as the basis of governing ● Common people will look up to leaders who raise up straight people over the crooked ● Rule with dignity and virtue and it will be well received ● Important to take part in the government--we are all part ● Governing will either be respected or not based...