Hist 338 Quiz 1 review - Study Guide PDF

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1. What did indigenous life in the Americas look like before the arrival of European conquerors? -

Nonsedentary: food scarce environments

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Forest dwellers: hunting and agriculture

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Sedentary: more complex societies. Stationary and sustainable agriculture

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Not all sedentary societies had empires. But they all had permanently sustainable forms of agriculture

2. Pre-Colombian indigenous empires -

Three great empires on the eve of the conquest: Mayan, Aztec & Inca Empires

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Sedentary, agricultural societies

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Hereditary Nobilities and stratified classes

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Indigenous population in 1492: 50 million or more

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Own social, economic, political and religious systems

3. Moors - a Moroccan or, formerly, a member of the Muslim population of what is now Spain and Portugal. -

711 Moors begin crossing from Africa to Europe

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Bring with them learning of Greeks and Romans

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Taught Europeans physics, engineering and farming techniques

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Spanish and Portuguese languages gradually filled w Arabic word

4. Moorish Spain -

Went from Africa to Spain, slowly started kicking them out of Europe

5. Spanish reconquest of Spain -

Strong religious component to reconquest

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Moors are pushed south towards Africa (over 30 generations!)

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Individual warlords took responsibility for Christianizing groups of defeated Moors, receiving tribute and service from them in return

6. Inquisition -

Spanish inquisition targets Muslims and Jews

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Two Iberian monarchies are 1st to sponsor major overseas ventures

7. Queen Isabela of Castile -

Fervent Catholic

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She would fund Columbus’ travels to America

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Strong religious component to efforts to conquer the Americas

8. Portuguese conquest of Brazil -

Pedro Alvarez Cabral

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Portuguese largely uninterested in Brazil until 1530’s

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Portuguese initially more interested in trade with Asia

9. Tupis -

People of Brazil, are semisedentary and hard to conquer

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Sugarcane becomes main crop with export potential for Portuguese

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Tupi’s sedentary life incompatible with plantations’ need for fixed labor

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Brazils Sugar Rush:

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1530’s: Portuguese settlers began arriving in Brazil

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Land taken from the Tupi becomes essential

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Sugarcane: only crop with major export potential

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Sugar cultivation and production required cheap labor

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Tupi’s semisedentary way of life incompatible with plantation economy

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Most of the Tupi died as they are enslaved and their way of life destroyed

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King of Portugal parcels enormous slices of coastal land and gives them to the wealthy individuals (captains) to colonize and rule in the name of the king

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Captaincies: territories under captains (most eventually fell)

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By mid 1540’s indigenous rebellions seemed imminent

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Bay of all Saints: Tupinamba demolish promising settlement

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1548 King steps up colonization and appoints royal governor and builds a capital city, Salvador (Bahia) on that site

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By 1600 the Tupi have vanished from sugar plantations

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European diseases proved lethal

10. Slavery in the Americas -

Slave trade brought together people from 3 continents

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Africans: part of “old world”

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Slavery: institution basic to economic life in Africa

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Slavery by the Portuguese and then Spaniards was different

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Over 1 million people died in the passage from Africa to America

11. Moctezuma -

Aztec Emperor famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés.

12. Hernán Cortéz -

Spanish Conquistador Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century

13. Spanish conquest of Aztecs -

1519: Spanish set foot in Mexico. They already know a great deal about America

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Spanish and what they bring (tall ships, horses, cannons, steel blades, body armor) and wholly unknown to Aztecs

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Aztec Empire: only becomes aware of Spanish hostile intentions when Moctezuma is taken hostage

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1521: smallpox and indigenous allies help Cortés annihilate Aztec Empire

14. Spanish conquest of Incas -

Peruvian expedition led by Francisco Pizarro

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Inca emperor Atahualpa taken hostage 1532

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Spanish military superiority

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Help of indigenous allies is crucial to Spanish success

15. Silver and sugar in colonial economies -

3 centuries of colonial life

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On eve of independence (1800) bitter legacy of slavery and conquest remained strong

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Silver and sugar dominate colonial economies

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Silver (Spanish America) especially Mexico and Peru

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Sugar (Portuguese America)

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Mexico and Peru: heart of Spanish Crown

16. Royal Fifth: -

20% tax on mining

17. Political organization under the Spanish Crown -

King in Spain

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Viceroyalties: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, Rio de la Plata

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Church: (archbishop, missionaries and priests)

18. Encomienda -

System whereby conquers rewarded with people (indigenous people)

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Conquerors entrusted with Christianizing indigenous people and had privilege of these people working for them

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Conquerors who had encomienda’s became like European nobles

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Encomienda’s created out of already existing communities

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Indigenous nobles (caciques) work with owners of encomienda’s

19. Colonial Hegemony -

Form of domination that implies a measure of consent by those at the bottom

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Religion: at the heart of cultural hegemony

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Accepting Christianity meant accepting own status as newcomers to the truth

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Ecclesiastical tithe (10% tax paid on agricultural products that went to the church)

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Religion dominated educational institutions

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Church validated milestones in people’s lives, kept records, etc.

20. Marianismo -

Women should emulate Virgin Mary

21. Machismo -

Strong / aggressive masculine pride

22. Patriarchy -

Fathers (men) rule, heaven and earth, cities and families

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Spanish and Portuguese more patriarchal than many indigenous societies

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Hegemony of Fathers  legacy of colonialism

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Iberian Law: based on patriarchal principles

23. Transculturation -

Transculturation v acculturation

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Transculturation and hegemony: two sides of the same coin

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Cuban music: infused with African sensibilities since 1580’s

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Virgin of Guadalupe (Tonantzin)

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Indigenous religions infiltrated Latin American Catholicism

24. Virgin of Guadalupe -

Patron Saint of Mexico

25. Colonial Cities -

Institutions of colonial governance centered in cities

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Cities: only places where European culture was dominant

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Cities were not exclusively European

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Rural Europeans exposed to indigenous and African culture more rapidly than city dwellers

26. Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms -

Rationalize and modernize governance

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Higher taxes

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Monopolies on production and exports

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Attacks on the Jesuits

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Greater privileges to Europeans (Peninsulares)

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Bourbon Reforms: Charles III (1759-1788)

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Bourbon Dynasty (1713) aims to strengthen Spain and make colonial administration more efficient

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Charles III institutes fiscal, administrative and military reforms based on French bureaucratic models

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Aim to centralize the administration of the colonies. Peninsulares are favored over Creoles

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Attack on the Jesuits

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Key Consequence: Isolation of the Creoles

27. Caste system -

Peninsulares

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Creoles

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Mestizos

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Mulattoes

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Zambos

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Indians

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African Slaves

28. Napoleonic Wars -

French Revolution (1789-1799)

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Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

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1808: Spanish King (Fernando VIII) imprisoned by Napoleon

29. Central Junta in Spain -

Central Junta (national resistance committee)

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Central Junta doesn’t represent Spanish Americans

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Spanish Americans see themselves as equal to Spain, both under Spanish rule

30. Cabildos Abiertos in Spanish America -

Local juntas to rule in Fernando’s absence

31. Constitution of Cádiz 32. Nativism -

The problem of Creole leadership

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Creoles fears of insurgency from below (Hidalgo, Tupac Amaru, Haiti)

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Solution: Nativism as basis of identity

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Nativist keyword: Americanos

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Links between nativism and liberal ideology

33. Creoles -

Sons and daughters of the Spaniards / Europeans

34. Peninsulares -

Less than 1% of the population

35. Miguel Hidalgo’s revolt -

1810 Mexico is the crown jewel

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Home to 4 out of 10 Spanish Americans

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1808: calls for representative assembly opposed by peninsulares

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Father Migues Hidalgo (leads 1810 revolt)

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Rallying cry: defend Mexico against Peninsulares

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Use of religious language and anti-Peninsular rhetoric

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“Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe, and death to the Spaniards”

36. José Maria Morelos’ revolt -

Well organized army of Mesrizos and Indians

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Clear Liberal Agenda: end to slavery, the caste system, and tribute paid by indigenous people

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All born in Mexico were simply “Americanos”

37. Mexico’s 1813 Declaration of Independence -

23 different points

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1815: Morelo dies

38. AgusTn de Iturbide (Mexico) 39. Simón Bolivar 40. José de San Martin 41. Orinoco Plains 42. Battle of Ayacucho 43. Prince Joao 41. 44. Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro 45. Dom Pedro I 46. Dom Pedro II 47. 19th century Liberals 42. 48. 19th century Conservatives 49. Liberal-Conservatives Conflicts in 19th century 50. Post-independence economies 51. Post-independence economic troubles 52. Patronage Politics 53. Caudillos 54. Juan Manuel de Rosas 55. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 56. José Antonio Páez 57. Federalism and Centralism 58. Post-independence coffee in Brazil 59. Monroe Doctrine 60. Gunboat Diplomacy 61. Steam technology in Latin America 62. The Liberal Comeback 63. Mexico’s Liberal Revolution 64. Benito Juarez 65. French invasion of Mexico, 1862 66. William Walker 67. Triple Alliance War 68. End of Brazilian Empire 69. You should be able to identify the following on a map: 43. a. Aztec, Maya and Inca Empires b. The 4 Spanish viceroyalties during the colonial period c. Modern day Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina

44. Nicaragua and Brazil **There will be extra credit questions based on current events in Latin America. 45. 44. Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro 45. Dom Pedro I 46. Dom Pedro II 47. 19th century Liberals 48. 19th century Conservatives 49. Liberal-Conservatives Conflicts in 19th century 50. Post-independence economies 51. Post-independence economic troubles 52. Patronage Politics 53. Caudillos 54. Juan Manuel de Rosas 55. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 56. José Antonio Páez 57. Federalism and Centralism 58. Post-independence coffee in Brazil 59. Monroe Doctrine 60. Gunboat Diplomacy 61. Steam technology in Latin America 62. The Liberal Comeback 63. Mexico’s Liberal Revolution 64. Benito Juarez 65. French invasion of Mexico, 1862 66. William Walker 67. Triple Alliance War 68. End of Brazilian Empire 69. You should be able to identify the following on a map: 46. a. Aztec, Maya and Inca Empires b. The 4 Spanish viceroyalties during the colonial period c. Modern day Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina 47. Nicaragua and Brazil **There will be extra credit questions based on current events in Latin America....