Historical development of social psychology PDF

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Social psychology studies the factors of belonging to groups, cultural fields, social schemes, because from them we extract norms, values, and roles through interaction. There are some authors who argue that social psychology has no object, as social psychology is responsible for studying objects fr...

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY It is not easy to carry out the task of distinguishing Social Psychology from Psychology and Sociology. Social psychology is supported by the previous disciplines. The first time the term "Social Psychology" appears as such in 1908. And it is curious that two manuals appear at the same time made by two different people but with identical titles. Ross (psychologist) and Mc Dougall Psychology

(sociologist) tombos Manuals of Social

Social Psychology has its own theories and data, its own point of view and perspective, therefore it is independent. The interest of Social Psychology is the social nature of individuals. There are two ways to distinguish any discipline, it is done thanks to two definitions.

Effective definition It's an empirical definition. It is a question of seeing what topics will be investigated by specialists in this field. E.g. Social Psychology is what psychologists study Social The subjects studied in Social Psychology are divided into three categories; 1st Category.The themes of psychology itself are studied; definition, methods, application... 2nd Category It is the widest category. Study the processes that occur between people and their environment; Perception... 3rd Category It has no internal consistency. It covers two themes; Groups and attitudes. It's been the star themes.

Intentional definition It is the theoretical definition, it is a question of seeing how the specialists theoretically define their own field. Two aspects to consider in any definition; 1.- "Reality to a certain extent is built socially." People interpret reality, so we create it. The keys we can observe in the interaction E.g. Football match. The two hobbies at the end of the match tell you different matches 2.- "Social influence is constant inlife." Others constantly influence us. You don't have to be present for it to influence us. E.g. Be male or female, belong to a certain age, play a certain role or role. Definition of Social Psychology There are many of them, from the most individualistic to the most social; i.e. from the most psychological to the most sociological. Some authors believe that Social Psychology studies factors and mental processes in relation to others. They're the least frequent. The idea that Social Psychology studies the mind is very uprooted, we find it and it comes from the cognitivist currents. Social Psychology studies individual behavior, but in response to stimuli. The effect of social stimuli on social behavior (Psychological Theory) Social Psychology studies interpersonal influence. One of the most accepted behaviors is that of Allport which states that; "Social Psychology is an attempt to understand and explain how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imaginary presence of others" Others influence; Other definitions highlight that Social Psychology studies the factors of membership in groups, cultural areas, social schemes, because from them we extract norms, values, and roles through interaction. There are some authors who argue that Social Psychology has no object, as Social Psychology is responsible for studying objects from other disciplines. The characteristic of Social Psychology is to adopt a certain perspective. That perspective is intershareholder. Cannot be reduced to individual variables. Social Psychology always haunts the two extremes

The topics we will study in Social Psychology could be divided into different levels of analysis from lowest to widest. They relate to each other. They would be like systems within other subsystems. It is imperative (from a theoretical point of view) to make that distinction of levels because what is valid for one level may not be for another, even if in practice it interacts. 1st Level.- Level of Individual Conduct The conduct of an individual in relation to a social group is studied. There does not need to be a relationship between the person and the group to which the conduct relates. (cognitive type). E.g. Gypsies (opinion we have in relation to this group, as many times we have not even had the opportunity to talk to them) In some cases there is no need for relationship and in others there is (Conformity, obedience and authority) 2nd Level.- Interpersonal level The interaction of some people with others is studied. E.g. Aggression and altruism. 3rd Level.- Intra-Group Level (Intra; inside - Inter.; between) Study the phenomena that occur within a group. E.g. Group performance and leadership 4th Level.- Inter-Group Level Relationships between different groups. E.g. Prejudice 5th Level.- Collective Level Study the behavior of the masses (e.g. Mass media)

Historical Development There are many authors who have considered the parents of Social Psychology (Hégel, Plato, Aristotle, Spinoza...). Psychology is born and has its origins in all western tradition. Its expansion was a typically American phenomenon. It was developed mainly, and thanks to a series of historical events, through the First World War, the Second World War, the atomic threat, and above all the great depression of the 30s. These historical facts stimulated all branches of knowledge, including Social Psychology (in relation to topics such as Leadership and Group Relationships). Historical Constitution of Social Psychology usually distinguishes historical periods;

Stage 1.- Precursor Stage From antiquity to the beginning of the twentieth century 2nd Stage.- Stage of independence The independence of Social Psychology begins in the early twentieth century until the 1930s. 3rd Stage.- Consolidation Stage Addresses from the 30s to the 70s. 4th Stage.- Crisis stage Coincides with the crisis of other sciences. 70s News

Precursor stage It has been made up through contributions from psychologists and sociologists. In the nineteenth century there is little contribution from psychologists, since they did not take into account social factors. Formulates the "Theory of the Self" I The "social" is a clear antesign of the role. We understand by role the expectations that others of me have for occupying a certain role. He is considered one of the founders of Social Psychology. It exposes the following; IndividualConduct: Is responsible for studying it physiology CollectiveBehavior: It is responsible for studying it in Sociology What's Psychology for? Not so much left over. He believes that the individual and the collective relate to each other. They are not independent and defend the need for intermediate science. He accused Social Psychology itself of studying banalities. Social Psychology in the 19th century was very unsocial. Emile Durkheim's work fits into Social Psychology Two concepts It exposes the concept of Imitation (explaining social uniformities through imitation). It's Bandura's forerunner Law ofdescent.- The upper classes are imitated by the lower classes. Law of geometricprogression.- The speed at which fashions are transmitted. Law of the internal before theexternal.- They imitate our own first others.

Bandura's model is based on the GopenT model. It is based on models of public opinion. It is the forerunner of "the double step of communication". According to this the mass media do not directly influence but are carried out through two stages; In a small number of communication leaders. They are responsible for the propagation of information. He is a criminologist, and harshly criticized the biological theory of crime. Crime is according to him is a social phenomenon, not genetic or biological. Introduce the concept of Suggestion He used it to explain the behavior of the crowds. When we join edify a mass, we became savages. Impossible for peaceful behavior to appear in the masses. When it is gathered in masse there are behaviors typical of lower evolutionary states such as that of women, children and savages. He began to systematically study collective behavior He was the first to define "Primary Group". Definition that is currently the most accepted and effective. In the definition of Cooley introduces; Intimate, face-to-face partnership The emergence of "we" Emergence of the social nature, as they are the main agents of socialization

Independence stage It begins in 1908, as it is the first time the term "Social Psychology" has appeared. Two manuals appear at the same time made by two different people but with identical titles. Ross + Mc Dougall (Psychologist + Sociologist) .- Both Manuals of Social Psychology Ross's text argues that Social Psychology is a branch of Psychology, and tries to explain the similarities in beliefs, feelings... due to social interaction. It is based on the concepts of imitation and suggestion. The Mc Dougall Handbook takes up the evolutionary tradition and argues that Social Psychology studies the instincts that underlie social behaviors. Sociology is a branch of Psychology. The main criticism that can be made is that they do not

explain the great variability that exists in human behavior (the evolutionary theories). From these texts, Social Psychology is independent, and the first journals appear. The most remarkable thing in the 1920s is the work of Floyd Allport, of great influence. The ideas of this work are as follows; From here because of Allport's great influence, the method was prioritized over the object. Anything that didn't fit the lab methodology was stopped studying. They begin to study simpler subjects, which are better suited to the laboratory, but often alien to complex psychosocial phenomena. In the 1920s, Social Psychology became an empirical science - positivist and with a strong Psychological reductionism. It is a time of great methodological developments, skill scales are constituted. The sociometric test appears.

Consolidation stage In 1931 (April 14, 1931, The arrival of Kurt Lewin in North America takes place. He was German, but he emigrated with Hitler's coming to power. Two stages; European and American. Kurt Lewin is spinning a new turn toward Cognitivism. It is the time of the most famous studies on groups; E.g. Social groups and leadership. It is a very prolific time, it is considered the Golden Age, because the time is very peaceful. In the 1950s, Horland's work on persuasive communication was highlighted. This stage lasts until the 70s, which is when the crisis is triggered, it begins when they begin to question their task. In particular, it begins to doubt the alleged objectivity of laboratory methods.

Crisis stage We're in the '70s. the first conflict arises because the objectivity of the laboratory is beginning to be doubted. From here the criticisms are unleashed; Criticism of the lab. Excessive attachment to laboratory methodology is criticized and will be considered as the sole methodology. The methodology itself was used to criticize

itself. There are two studies of Roseenthal and Orne that show that it is not so objective. Roseenthal discovers the Rosenthal effect, and demonstrates that in the laboratory experimenters can inadvertently convey expectations (Experimenters reinforced the results ... E.g. If you do well, pat him on the back) about the hypotheses, thereby falsing the work. Orne effect; Bias of the people being investigated. People try to be good, and experimenters try to confirm what they thought the hypothesis was. This effect can be controlled. Criticisms that focus on the topics being investigated The internal validity is given great importance, and external validity is set aside. Epistemological criticisms They are initiated by Gergen, who questions the budgets on which the science being made is based, mainly positivist. Gergen argues that these principles are not fulfilled in social psychology, because we study phenomena that change over time, therefore knowledge could not accumulate, since what is valid for today, in the future, can change. With Gergen comes another way of doing Social Psychology, postmodernism arises, in particular social constructionism. Sampsón reviews These criticisms are more ideological in style, as it accuses Social Psychology of being in the service of the ruling class, and predominantly the male because those who paid were male, and the jobs were occupied by men.

Ethical criticism They arise in the wake of the works of Milgram and Zimbardo, as they caused great controversy. Zimbardo's study showed ill-treatment and sadistic behavior. In Milgram's, the subjects who passed through the lab came to unload on those people. Ethics focused on two points; Use of deception, which occurs in 99% laboratory. To what extent it is lawful to deceive the subject. Possibility of psychological sequelae.

Today In Social Psychology all kinds of methodologies are used; Both qualitative and quantitative. It is the methodology that fits the object. Dominant Social Psychology remains positivist and with laboratory experimentation. The issues today have expanded, they approach any social problem. From Gergen the postmodernist sciences appear. The crisis, while it has not meant a resolution, if it has had a certain impact. In the dominant, it has served to show that he also had problems, and that there are other trends....