History 112 Exam ID Notes PDF

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History 112 Exam ID Notes: -

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The Freedmen’s Bureau: o Who: Congress o What: group that helped millions of former slaves and poor whites o When: 1865 o Where: 11 former rebel states and the border states of Maryland, Kentucky, West Virginia and Washington, D.C. o Why: helped millions of former slaves and poor whites following the Civil War and was vetoed by President Johnson but Congress passed over the veto; created thousands of schools for blacks Sharecropping: o What: families rent land in exchange for a portion of crops grown on land being used o When: following Civil War o Where: southern states o Why: led to Special Field Order Number 15 which granted each family 40 acres in Georgia and Union Army donated some mules as well; in 1865, President Johnson ordered all land to be returned to previous owners Black Codes: o What: laws passed that restricted the rights of former black slaves and kept them from benefitting/succeeding o When: 1860s o Where: southern states o Why: suppressed former slaves by taking away rights they had just gotten and led to the 14th amendment being ratified guaranteeing these rights to former slaves Civil Rights Bill of 1866: o Who: Congress o What: legislation that guaranteed citizenship rights (if born in US) to former slaves, overturning Andrew Jackson’s veto o When: 1866 o Where: US (federal bill) o Why: gave citizenship equally in an explicit way Fourteenth Amendment: o Who: Congress o What: federal legislation that gave rights to all people aiming to impact former slaves who were born in the U.S. o When: 1868 o Where: U.S. o Why: created to protect rights of all citizens of the U.S., getting rid of the Black Codes Reconstruction: o What: attempt to rebuild economy and rebuild damage from Civil War during Andrew Johnson’s presidency o When: 1865-1877 o Where: centralized in southeast US

Why: progressive legislation (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments), but violent reaction sets stage for Jim Crow Reconstruction Act: o What: legislation created to describe process of allowing seceded states back into Union o When: 1867 o Where: U.S. o Why: allowed the southern states to join and be a part of the Union again, Disenfranchisement: o What: policies that deprive right to vote o When: 1890-1906 o Where: southern states o Why: used in south to suppress African American vote, which deprived them of political power Labor reform: o What: workers’ movement to demand better working conditions o When: 2nd industrial revolution (post 1865) o Where: urban cities; highly industrialized cities o Why: led to creation of labor unions and organizing for better conditions, like 8 hour workdays Wilmington Massacre: o What: most serios form of racial violence in North Carolina (white mob burned down black news outlet) o When: 1898 o Where: Wilmington, North Carolina o Why: result of white supremacy campaign to get rid of “Negro Rule”; fear of “miscegenation” (interracial sex); coup d’état in government o

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