History of Psych Study Guide 2 PDF

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Study guide for exam 2...

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Overview of Exam 2: 50 questions As indicated on the syllabus, Exam 2 covers the 4 units on: First schools of psychology: Voluntarism, Structuralism, Act Psychology, Wurzburg School (approximately 10 questions) Evolution and Intelligence Testing (approximately 12 questions) Functionalism (approximately 10 questions) Roots of Clinical psychology and Psychodynamic School (approximately 18 questions) The distribution of questions reflects the amount of time spent on each unit with the most class time (and slides) on Evolution/IQ and Clinical roots/Psychoanalytic psychology. For the early schools unit, questions on the following:

Voluntarism - Wundt’s methods; especially how he used introspection -

Goal: Understand consciousness - Introspection: Experimental self-observation - Simple responses to carefully presented stimuli 1. Observer knows when experience begins & ends 2. Observer maintains strained attention 3. Phenomenon should bear repetition 4. Phenomenon must be capable of variation (experimentation) (basically the structure of a modern-day experiment)

Example:

● Experimental self-observation: Showing a word and asking what immediately comes to mind ● Internal perception: Asking you to tell me what you’re thinking right now/what you intend to do today

Wundt’s legacy for Psychology -

Voluntarism = first school of psych with roots in physiological research & philosophy Trained 1st generation of European and American psychologists Lasting legacy: his students

Act psychology, Wurzburg school – their criticisms of Wundt’s Voluntarism

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Act Psychology: Focused on complex mental acts - (ie. judging, thinking, inferring, problem-solving) - Mental acts must be studied as a whole, not reduced to sensation & perception Wurzburg School: Challenged basic tenets of Voluntarism - Contributions by Oswald Kulpe, student of Wundt - Challenged “all thoughts consist of images” & “associationism explains thinking” - ie. subjects in an experiment done by Marbe reported having imageless thoughts (searching/doubting/hesitation) Impact of Act Psych & Wurzburg School: -

Cast doubt on introspection as a reliable procedure Shift from study of mind’s content to study of mind’s function

Structuralism – Titchener’s beliefs about how we should study Psychology; his fit with some of the philosophy we talked about earlier in the course; his legacy or impact on Psychology

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Structuralism: The use of careful introspection to describe content of consciousness Belief: Experiences & sensations are building blocks of the Mind - Psych begins with a description of those building blocks - Psych should study immediate experience (consciousness) - Elements are blended with each other to form perceptions/ideas Fit with philosophers talked about earlier: Legacy/impact: Little lasting impact - Introspection = weak method - Ignored Darwin’s theory on value of consciousness - Did not study complex thought Greatest influence: Lab manuals → used to train psychologists in experimental design

Conclusion: Neither Wundt nor Titchener produced lasting theories/research.

For the Evolution/IQ unit, questions on the following: Evolution: Lamarck and Darwin – similarities and differences Differences: Lamarck - Inheritance of acquired characteristics - Environmental changes → structural changes in plants/animals - ie. giraffes stretch, then their necks lengthen → pass long neck trait to offspring - Life force-- organisms become more complex over time - Adaptive force - 1st law: Theory of Use and Disuse (use it or lose it) - 2nd law: soft inheritance: changes in organ/body passed to offspring

Darwin -

Fittest means most able/successful at reproduction Adaptive radiation = evolution - Darwin’s finches Social Darwinism: survival of the richest/strongest -- but Darwin did not believe in social Darwinism

Similarities: Both believed that animals change over time to adapt to their environments

Spencer and Social Darwinism ● Strongly believed in Darwin's theory of evolution but stated that it can be used in societies and not just biological organisms ● Encouraged reproduction by the ablest and discouraged reproduction by the weak Darwin’s beliefs about how evolution worked; how society benefits from evolution ● Natural variations occur among members of a species ○ Members that survive transmit their variations to offspring ■ Over time, variations that are adaptive become normative ● Thus evolution occurs IQ testing: purpose of Binet intelligence text; what does it predict? ● The purpose of the Binet intelligence tests was to predict student performance and to place them in an appropriate learning environment Galton and Cattell – position on nature/nurture and intelligence; how assess intelligence They are both “nature” driven Galton believed that intelligence was best measured by sensory acuity because the mind is composed of experiences and associations. Argued that genius, talent and character were inherited. Terman – position on nature/nurture and intelligence; relationship of intelligence to criminality; results of his longitudinal study of genius Terman was nature driven Result of the longitudinal study: gifted children become gifted adults. Goddard – conclusions from and influence of his study of the “Kallikak” family 30% of the descendants from the feeble tavern maid that he studied were feeble minded. Out of all the descendants of the “normal wife,” 0% were feeble minded. He used this study to support eugenics. This study had lasting impacts on mental testing for immigration, military, etc.

For the Functionalism unit, questions on the following: Roots of Functionalism in 19th century American culture and the Progressive movement

Evangelism, environmentalism, enlightenment, enterprise · Progressive: Rising middle class of socially mobile professionals (e.g.; bank managers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, tradesmen, small businessmen) o Goal of society is cultivation of individual in a supportive community o Process of perfecting is the moral end o Legacy of progressives § -- educational reform; public education § – civil service § selection by merit (tests, experience) rather than bloodlines, bribes, or political connections Characteristics of Functional approach to Psychology; how is it different from other schools we have talked about?; what happened to Functionalism as a school of psych? ; its impact on Psychology? William James – what is Pragmatism?; examples of James’ psychology especially selfesteem and emotions - Pragmatism is functional psychology. Psychology. Only things that matter to our lives are important, truth happens to an idea (made true by events). Self esteemsuccess/pretensions. Emotions- Body Reaction Theory. Act the way you want to feel. Munsterberg and James – their different explanations of the role of will in behavior James- conscious will directs behavior, Munsterberg- behavior directs conscious will. Mary Calkins and her quest for a PhD; James’ evaluation of her; did she get her degree? Wellesly professor who went to Harvard and completed psych degree with James but was never awarded degree because she was a woman. - James, along with other professors, voted in favor of Calkins’ having satisfied all the requirements for a PhD, but she was denied one by Harvard. (this is probably the evaluation ^^)

For the Roots of Clinical and Psychoanalytic School unit, questions on the following: Emergence of clinical psychology – difference between the somatic (e.g., Pinel, Mesmer) and psychic (e.g., Charcot) approaches to treatment Somatic- organic causes (pinel, mesmer) Psychic- mental causes (charcot) Willis ideas that there are organic causes of mental illness - studied bi-polar, dementia, epilepsy. One of the first to place cause of mental illness in the material brain.

What was Pinel’s moral therapy? - Placed patients in much more pleasant, independent environment, as opposed to warehouse/prison. Many patients saw improvement. (It didn’t actually improve the patient, but rather their situation) Mesmer’s animal magnetism – what was it and how did he treat patients? How did it do when it was scientifically tested? - Believed sickness resulted from obstruction of free flowing animal magnetism. Power of suggestion (hypnosis) therapy that had little merit and was a dead end. (Charcot also practiced this form of “psychic” therapy)

Psychoanalytic psychology – Freud – how his approach to the mind reflected his 19th century environment Freud’s 3 therapeutic techniques to access the unconscious Free association. Dream interpretation, Errors in speech/behavior (parapraxes) Freud, Breuer, and Anna O; what worked when treating Anna O? Talking was used as a therapeutic means of treating Anna O (“talking cure”) Freud’s relationship with Fliess and how that influenced his view of the causes of hysteria Freud built a very close relationship with Fliess. His initial position on the causes of hysteria was that it was caused by childhood sexual abuse. He later revised his theory concluding that memories of sexual abuse were just fantasies Theory of psychosexual development (don’t need to know the details about the stages) – what you should know is the relationship among the id, ego, and superego The Id is part of our unconscious mind that is pleasure driven and instinctive, the ego is the part of the unconscious mind that is our mental schemas, our reality principle. The superego is the part of the unconscious mind that holds our moral standards and allows us to differentiate between wrong and right. The ego is the mediator between the Id and the superego. According to Freud, conflict between these stages can cause anxiety which can be resolved through defense mechanisms(Ego conflict with Id= Neurotic Anxiety, Ego conflict with Superego=Moral Anxiety) How does the child develop his or her sexual identification? (Oedipal, Electra conflicts; you don’t need to know the myths in details; just how they tie in to Freud’s ideas about the process of developing one’s sexual identity) Freud chose the term “Oedipal complex” to describe a son’s affection towards his mother and hatred towards his father, and the term “Electra complex” to describe a daughter’s affection towards her father and hatred towards her mother. According to Freud, a child develops his or her sexual identification by identifying with the same sex parent.

Case study of Little Hans; interpretation and treatment Interpretation: Fantasy: Hans takes a crumpled giraffe from a large giraffe & sits on the crumpled giraffe → oedipal conflict/sibling rivalry → smokescreen for his attraction to his mother

Oedipal Conflict

Sibling Rivalry

Big giraffe

Dad

Mom

Small, crumpled giraffe

Mom

Hanna

Sitting on small giraffe

Hans’ possession of mom

Destruction of Hanna

Treatment: - Freud interviewed Hans, told him his father loved him, & wasn’t angry at Hans for loving his mother. - 3 days later, Hans is able to watch street horses go by without being afraid. - Hans meets Freud as an adult → has no memory of phobia/fantasy

Clark University lectures (not the details but what were the main topics Freud addressed) •Lecture 1: Early conflict as source of anxiety and neurosis •Lecture 2: Repression to cope with conflict •Lecture 3: 3 therapeutic techniques of the “talking cure” •Lecture 4: Sexual basis of neurosis •Lecture 5: Transference and resolving the conflict

Neo-Freudians - why did Jung and Horney split from him and in what directions did they go?

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Jung & Horney thought that Freud’s focusing his theory on libido was too narrow & biological → not accounting for social factors

Current evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of Psychoanalytic School ; current influence of the Psychoanalytic School in Psychology Psychoanalytic School in Psychology Pros/Cons

Pros 1) 1st comprehensive theory of personality in modern Western psych. 2) 1st comprehensive theory of ab. Psych. 3) Continuity of normal & abnormal 4) Influence on culture

Cons 1. Loose theory, difficult to falsify 2. Deficiency in data/research methods 3. Intolerance of criticism 4. Influence on culture 5. Less empirical than most schools 6. Impact declined during the 20th century and beyond

Current influence: -

American Psychoanalytic Association has only 3,000 members → very small compared to APA and APS

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Culturally, people still think of Freud in relation to psychology

Readings: I won’t ask anything about the Jung video interview. For the other readings, you should know the main points not details. For most of the readings I covered the main points in class, so you can use that as a guide.

1. Titchener: A Structural Psychology Summary: Psychology studies the mind, experiences/sensations are building blocks of mind, psych should study immediate experience (consciousness) before developing theories about function. 2. Galton: Classification of Men

Summary: - Hereditary theory argued that talent/genius/character is inherited. - Nature over nurture, prominent people are related to other prominent people.

3. Binet: New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals Summary: Developed Binet-Simon Intelligence Test with quick tasks designed to set normally progressing children apart from the “subnormal” children.

4. Cattell Mental Tests a. Measures of intelligence i. hand strength, 2-point threshold, tolerance of pain, reaction time, memory, etc. ii. Poor correlation & poor prediction of college success → failure b. Cattell brought Wundt’s and Galton’s work to the U.S. 5. Terman: The Uses of Intelligence Tests Summary: Successful/gifted children became gifted adults with better health....