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HISTORY OF IR IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

The historical panorama of international relations in the 20th century  A rapidly changing world: Not long ago, the EU was the best example of and economically successful and stable regional organization Today many are asking if this union can survive the decade.  In 2002, it seemed that North Africa was stable and corrupt dictators would govern “their” countries for many years to come.  Twenty years ago, textbooks no longer identified Russia’s policies as the major challenge to international peace. BASICS: change in the norm, globalization, look into history, major international developments and main actors on the political scene, world divisions today (N-S, E-W, Muslim-Non-Muslim).  IR are used more in national policies as a justification IR studies interactions among states and the international activities of nonstate organizations. Their interactions take many forms. they may be negotiations about territorial disputes, migration of people across borders, trade agreements, charitable activities, court decisions about an international crime organization, economic sanctions etc. It’s a field in social science. However, the term can also refer to foreign affairs of states and of IGOs and NGOs. IR don’t solely focus on threats and problems, they design policies and build a stable, healthy and prosperous world. There are many examples of conflict resolution and sound political management. FIELDS: international politics, int. political economy, int. law. Main conflicts… Nagorno Karabah... Colombia: guerilla: ELN- Ejercito de liberacion nacional-1968; Camilo Torrres. theology of liberation Bolivia-Chile: territorial conflict (part of the coast) Panama: was a part of Colombia; Argentina – GB:1982 Paraguay – Bolivia conflict the football war The Cuban revol US secret intervention in Nicaragua Yemen, Philippines, East Timor (massacres 90’s), conflict because of islands in the Chinese seas, Bangladesh-originally part of Pakistan – supported by the US/India – supported by Russia/Bhutan; Tibet South Africa invaded Angola

Presentation: 3-4 slides per student, 6-7 minutes/student for the presentation. 5. the international system of the Cold War: Dialectics East-West Observing the Imperial Transition: British Naval Reports of the Philippines: 1898-1901 The Americans didn’t really took interest in the Philippines Philippines gained their independence in 1946 from the US, almost 50 years after the war. More philippinos died in this war than in Pearl Harbour, but it’s not as popular because of their nationality. Other powers involved in the war: Germany, Russia, Austria… they had an interest in the Philippines, besides the one GB had. Which was the main reason of the fight: explosion in a ship (MAIN), the most powerful ship of the US Navy at that time. The US sent it in the Manila Harbour to watch sth, but it BOOM it blew up. In the next few days, the US attacked both in Cuba and in the Philippines. Why are the documents interesting: because they provide information from more perspectives: US, Spain, Locals, BC. Which was the position of the British before, during and after the war? It changed during the 5year period. Before the war: the British were content with the Spanish because they had lots of privileges from the Spanish rulers, in the beginning of the war: neutrality and towards the end of the war: ………….. it is quite “actual” – the text Rizal. Mindanao.

KEY CONCEPTS: STATE= a governed entity with a settled population occupying a permanent area with recognized borders. NATION= a large group of people sharing common cultural, religious and linguistic features and distinguishing themselves from other large social groups. A nation may also refer to people who have established sovereignty over a territory and set up international borders recognized by other states. SOVEREIGNTY= the supremacy of authority exercised by a state over its population and its territory. International treaties and economic and military capacities of countries support their sovereignty. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS=matters that individual states consider beyond the reach of international law or the influence of other states. SEPARATISM= the advocacy of or attempt to establish a separate nation within another sovereign state. DIPLOMACY=the practice of managing international relations by means of negotiations. Diplomacy is plurivalent, it is differently understood by different people. FOREIGN POLICY=a complex system of actions involving official decisions or communications related to other nation states, international institutions or international developments in general.

STATE GOVERNMENT= any institution with the authority to formulate and enforce its decisions within a country’s borders. KEY ACTORS: state government, intergovernmental org, nongovernmental org. US and Israel quit UNESCO. the US has left UNESCO in the past as well. NGO’s: Red Cross, Amnesty International, Greenpeace etc. Difficulty is money. The connections between NGO’s and secret services of some other countries: Amnesty Int. and CIA. The civil society is part of the key actors in international relations. Gandhi (1869-1948). State actors are usually relevant leaders for the state, such as presidents or major political party leaders.

World War I and the Rise of Hitler -written by a German historian who has access to insights 2 key doctrines: war guilt lie – responsibility of starting the war stab in the back – some of the German soldiers betrayed their country (??) Does the author agree with these two doctrines which would be linked with the rise of Hitler? No. They’re not linked according to the author, there are more important things. The Nazi party was very small. Supporters of Nazism, originally: working class, low class. Hitler wasn’t mannered, therefore he wasn’t regarded well by the high class. The economical crisis was more important for Germany than the consequences of WW1, because Germany was still OK after the war. Points in the Peace Treaty Germany wasn’t content with: territory issues. The Social Democrat party was the main party, originally leftist, now it is more of a center party. Oficially, it was never rightist. In order to justify the Weimer Republic, the German gov. tried to implement a strategy…………………. Did Germany have another alternative to signing peace? -mostly the internal reasons determined Germany to sign the Treaty, rather than external influences. //Eastern front: before the end of the war, Russia. The Western front: FR. Prussian – Fr war, 19th century: Fr was losing war, and then bcuz of the chaos inside the capital they had to go to the front, anarchists took control of the city, Paris and imposed a new political system. They accused the Kaiser in order to legitimize the regime. They tried to mix patriotism with a political ideology; they should be separate things.

WORLD WAR I Great War, 70 mil. soldiers mobilized, 60 mil civilians mobilized, 9m died sold, 6m civil. died Neutral: ES, Scandinavian countries, Netherlands, Switzerland Zimmerman Telegram October Revolution 1917 Mexican Rev. 1910: First rev of the 20th century: it had an impact on the USA.

IDEOLOGICAL WAR. David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson. Entente Alliance 1907: FR, British Emp, Japan, PORTU, RU Emp; affiliated members : Bel, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, RO death of hundreds of ppl. people covered themselves even with sand in order to survive and protect themselves from the cold. Mexico as a friend during Civil War. Mexico opened doors to refugees from Republican Spain. hope. first massive emigration for political reasons. from pain to hope. there were many people which couldn’t make it. getting their freedom back when they got in Mexico. exuberance, colours, happiness, food, abundance, dance. 3 photographers taking negatives build a sense of memory of the civil war. they made efforts to take these things -boxes of negatives- with them in Mexico. the person who received the negatives of Robert Capa was a general, Francisco Gonzalez, they meant a political testimony. they got in good hands. “we want to rewrite history according to present interests” curiosity regarding the civil war from grandkids of people who were involved in war. what happened and why? need to claim justice. it became a personal issue. a grave is a metaphor to obtain knowledge – burry the memories. people unburry the past and the memories. Mexico city. la maleta mexicana. the idea of selling it seemed unfair in the beginning. Trisha Ziff brought it from Mexico to NY. negatives well preserved, fragile wooden boxes, uniquely labeled. Bob Capa. they were able to find it. miracle. retrieval of the Mexican suitcase – bring together disparate pieces of puzzle. it was exhibited in NY. Seymour, Capa, Taro. “Chim” defragmentation of history. more powerful to see pics than to read about the events. talking about the civil war involves talking about family. 200k in exile, 500k died in the Spanish civil war.

Transnational justice Relevant in the 20th century, after WW2. Human Rights Convention – 1948, because of world impact of the Holocaust and the high number of casualties during ww2. 1. 2. 3. 4.

HR in transition to democracy processes first wave of Truth and Justice (WW2 crimes) second wave (S Europe) third wave (Latin America, Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe)

1. in most scenarios after ww2, lost of crimes were committed, many concentration camps, torture, thousands disappeared, only in Latin America 500k people disappeared during the regime. One of the main issues: how to rule the country: what to do with the past. Civilians and armed forces: civilians-depended on which side they were, armed forces- they were the criminals, they had the responsibility. No one could face a trial because there was no evidence before. Trust and Justice was perceived as a threat. 2 sides: some wanted oblivion, some wanted reconciliation, memory. The political challenge was to harmonize what to do with what can be done. 2 rationales: 1. the ethical-symbolic logic: radical solution. Reach the ultimate truth, judgment and punishment of the guilty and institutional repair (=compensation, assuring education and healthcare, for instance they were expensive in Chile). 2. the political-state logic construction of a democratic regime. The Phantom of the ethical logic is forgetfulness and impunity. The Phantom of the political-state logic is authoritarian regression. Objectives of any government during the transition to democracy: 1. Establish measures to prevent reoccurrence new HR violations. 2. repair, as far as possible, the damage caused 3. establish possible clemency measures and penalties 4. search truth (Truth Commissions) or bet on forgetfulness (reconciliation). Truth Commission=book published by the democratic government giving demonstration of the truth, they recognize the crimes. They tried to do it in Spain, but the regime stopped it. Names of the criminals weren’t included, the book had legal limitations, not even Pinochet’s name (in Chile) was included. 2. first wave of Truth and Justice After the WW2, International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. 1. Germany: 3 types of crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity, war of aggression – declare war for no obvious reason) 2. France: Vichy syndrome. Consequently several transnational processes: Eichmann in Jerusalem, Klaus Barbie and Paul Touvier in France). Klaus Barbie-butcher of Lyon, responsible of torture and assassination of the French resistance; Eichmann hid in Argentina. Other countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Holland. It covers the enemies of the satellite regimes of the Soviet Union. Justice and impunity: prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of violations of HR: the importance of political will.  Nuremberg/Tokyo as an opportunity: the emergence of international law from the justice of the victors.  The big gap: impunity among allies.  Cold War and impunity.  A new political will: the fight against impunity as a cornerstone in the defense of HR.

Ratlines. Operation Paperclip (1949-1990), op. Odessa (Mengele, Barbie, Eichmann, Rauff), op. Bloodstone. (look for info) Recipient countries: US, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, Spain The role of Simon Wiesenthal foundation: survivor of extermination camp, he tried to find Nazis to make justice. MOSSAD. Eichmann was captured by the MOSSAD through an illegal operation.

Eyewitnesses and memory Elisabeth Loftus: Memory on trial, on the case Demjanjuk One of the challenges at that time: how to organize a trial against ppl without any obvious evidence. It seems like eyewitnesses, which were the solution, didn’t work. The paradigmatic case of Demjanjuk: accused of killing 28k ppl (Treblinka), 1988 – sentenced to death. After the collapse of the Soviet regime, documents appeared and apparently, he was never in Treblinka. So he didn’t die first, but then other evidence was found for another place he committed crimes in and he was convicted again. => the importance of archives. The Eichmann case and appreciation of contemporary oral testimony (1961) Klaus Barbie: he went to Bolivia and became a high officer for Bolivian army, he was thought to be the head of the operation of capturing Che Guevara. Barbie was responsible for many coups in Bolivia. 1983: sent to FR for being responsible for warcrimes. Second wave of Truth and Justice Greece: trial of 24 responsible men for the dictatorship. 100k officials were expelled from the army. Portugal: there were some purges among the agents of the international police and state defense Spain: “forget”. Amnesty containing a full stop law. Third Wave of Justice - globalization played a part in the universal justice - national courts and criminal trials forgotten: French proceedings against Bousquet, Touvier and Papon. - The revival of Nuremberg: the international tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994) - the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes against humanity by the courts of third countries: - Italy, FR, ES, BEL, DE. - The Pinochet case - the Int. Criminal Court - we have to distinguish between official reports from govs, from NGOs.

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In Argentina it was very shocking for the society to read the NUNCA MAS report. =>easier for the gov to send all the generals part of the gov. during the regime to different trials. sentenced to prison for much time. Two cases of revolutionary justice: Cuba (1959 Rev.) And Nicaragua (1979): they both suffered similar dictatorships as the one in Chile/Argentina. Cuban dictator before the rev:Batista, Nicaragua: Somoza. They committed many abuses. Honduras – some officers were trialed, Nicaragua – the second transition approved three amnesty laws, El Salvador – amnesty (el Mozote), Guatemala (amnesty includes genocide, 1980: the Spanish embassy was fired by the Guatemalan police, some activists hid in the Spanish embassy in Guatemala), Haiti (almost total impunity).

Third wave of Truth and Justice in Central and Eastern Europe. Measures: A. Purges: laws of decommunization B. …………… -laws to restore confiscated properties Trials: Albania, BG, HU, East DE, PL, RO. __ apartheid: Africa: truth commissions with widely varying results: Zimbabwe, Uganda, Chad, Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia and Nigeria. Trials: Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia. Asia: Truth Commissions in the Philippines and Sri Lanka were established and some trials were held.

FILM 2: CONCERNING VIOLENCE, narrated by Lauryn hill  Colonialism - “violence in its natural state”.  9 scenes from the anti imperialist self-defense  national liberation, renaissance = decolonization is always a violent phenomenon, a program of complete disorder. BUT it cannot come out of a natural process.  at a descriptive level, all decolonization is successful.  INDIFFERENCE= testimony from a black man: living live out of inertia, no big excitement even after getting out of prison  a world without spaciousness, shanty town. “the colonized man is an envious man”.  Liberia, punishment of workers which didn’t come to work = “troublemakers”.-letters, LAMCO  belonging to a given race/species… the cause is a consequence=> you re rich because you re white, you re white because you re rich  “that poverty of spirit”=the customs of the colonized ppl.  The Church in the colonies is the white ppl’s church. “the ways of the white man, of the master, of the oppressor”. – Christian religion.  white ppl came to change the others, that’s their mission. “the African religion” existed before they came. “SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS will come second”, AFTER the building of churches.  the land = a value which brings dignity. “all men are equal”… =when the native=to the oppressor

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for the native, aggressiveness deposited in his bones will manifest first against his own people. exploitation of natural resources by the dominators. “the history of the dominator is epic, an Odyssey”, “this land was created by us”. the dreams of the native are always of muscular prowess, flying, running, never stopping. The Fiat G.91. Mozambic. “we peacefully asked for independence, but they massacred us”. WOMEN involved in the movement of resistance. Bombarded by the nato countries. Portuguese destroying the crops, terrorizing, burning and destroying, even schools, hospitals are targets for the port. without studies, you are dominating, you don’t know what s happening in the world, this is the intention of the colonizer. previous generations didn’t have access to education and information. FORMATION OF FRELIMO = same level as men, no difference in rights. Mozambique. immobility to which the native is condemned………… Guinea Bissau war of independence. massacred people. the situation is similar to the Portuguese territories, the population is determined to maintain political within the Portuguese nation. the colonized man finds his freedom in and through violence. at individual level, violence makes him fearless and capable of restoring respect. “a world inhuman in its poverty”, a world without doctors. “if u wish independence , go back to middle ages” RAW MATERIALS: the colonies have become a market. Europe has staffed itself with the gold and r.m. of the colonies. THIRD WORLD expects rehabilitation from the part of those who have exploited them. Burkina Faso 1987: they don’t have to rely on IMF, they have to work themselves too. they refused food aid, because it makes them wait for something from the others, they don’t produce anymore. “they are fattening us as they do to the geese”. not real aid. they want insecticides, fertilizers etc. reintroducing mankind into the world. The European peoples must decide to wake up and stop playing the role of the Sleeping Beauty. CONCLUSION: Europe has lost reason.. shake of the darkness in which we were cast, we want models. “let us combine our muscles and our brains”for a different future.

VIETNAM WAR: 65-73 Paris Peace Accords 1973 1975: Fall of Saigon Richard Nixon & Détente Ronald Reagan USSR 1985 – Gorbachev becomes premier A series of reforms and freedoms begins in Russia Sinatra Doctrine “My way” Glasnost, perestroika democratization of RU dissolution of the soviet union 1991 Che Guevara, Zapata, Sub commander Marcos, Salvador Allende, Sandino, Peron.

Romanticism of the revolution in Latin America The revolution and its impact n art and literature. The charisma of the Latin American revolutionary leaders. The role of women in Latin American revolutionary processes. Intellectuality and revolution in Latin America (Nobel Prizes: Asturias, Neruda, Mistral, Garcia Marquez). Impact of processes and revolutionary leaders in shaping the identity of countries. Latin America – US relations during the Cold War. Was it possible to have better relations? Factors to be taken into consideration: cultural differences, size, natural resources of L.A., poverty/inequality, possible threats. etc. There would always be an issue on the table. Now, the conflict resides in Trump’s intention to build a wall in Mexico. The Bolivian Revolution. 1952: National rev. (MNR) V...