HRD week 5 notes PDF

Preview

Summary

Download HRD week 5 notes PDF

Description

Question 1 The optic chiasm:

Select one: a. is Y-shaped. b. is where the first post-retinal synapses are found. c. is where the M- and P-ganglion cell pathways diverge. d. is the site of partial decussation of ganglion cell axons.

Question 2 Which of the following is NOT true of the lens?

Select one: a. It slows light upon entry. b. It is denser than surrounding media. c. It has curved surfaces. d. It does the majority of focusing.

Question 3 Which of the following are not found in the human retina?

Select one: a. ganglion cells. b. photoreceptors. c. horizontal cells. d. monopolar cells.

Question 4

The "blind spot":

Select one: a. is populated by rod photoreceptors. b. is absent in photopic vision. c. is sometimes referred to as the optic disc. d. is the location where ganglion cells are most densely packed. e. cannot be observed.

Question 5 If you find it difficult (or impossible) to perceive a clear image of objects located at a distance, but have no problem with close up objects, then:

Select one: a. you are probably myopic. b. your eye might be too short in length. c. you are probably low on aqueous humour. d. your pupil is probably defective.

Question 6 Rods are:

Select one: a. more numerous than cones. b. highly sensitive to long-wavelength light. c. absent in certain forms of colour blindness. d. responsible for daytime vision. e. concentrated in the fovea.

Question 1 How do simple cells acquire the property of orientation selectively?

Select one: a. inter-laminar inhibition b. convergence of edge and bar detectors c. feedback from "grandmother" cells d. convergence of geometrically aligned LGN receptive fields

Question 2 The visual illusion called the Hermann (Hering) grid:

Select one: a. is likely to result from operations at many stages of visual processing. b. can be completely understood based on the receptive field properties of ganglion cells. c. has no explanation based on retinal processes. d. is closely related to the scintillating grid illusion.

Question 3 Humans are most sensitive to:

Select one: a. high spatial frequencies. b. frequencies near the resolution limit. c. low spatial frequencies. d. intermediate spatial frequencies.

Question 4 The term "spatial frequency" is most synonymous with:

Select one:

a. visual acuity. b. contrast sensitivity. c. processing speed. d. spatial scale.

Question 5 Hypercomplex cells:

Select one: a. respond more vigorously than either simple or complex cells. b. are not found in V1. c. are less orientation selective than simple cells. d. are tuned to stimulus length.

Question 6 The tilt after-effect implies that the perceived orientation of a pattern is:

Select one: a. shifted toward the orientation of the adapting pattern. b. governed by a winner-take-all computational process. c. determined by the relative activity of many orientation channels. d. determined by the most active orientation channel.

Question 1 In using shadows and shading to infer depth relationships the visual system appears to:

Select one: a. assume that most objects are concave. b. assume that lighting is diffuse.

c. assume that light comes from the right. d. assume that light comes from above.

Question 2 The term used to describe the situation where images of the same object are formed on noncorresponding regions of the retina is:

Select one: a. retinal disparity. b. diplopia. c. acuity. d. binocularity.

Question 3 The "correspondence problem" arises:

Select one: a. in monocular viewing. b. when processing disparity information in random dot stereograms. c. most seriously when viewing simple scenes. d. on postal holidays.

Question 4 Motion parallax is a cue to depth which

Select one: a. assumes disparity is zero. b. is available to monocular observers. c. is generally less informative than stereopsis. d. depends exclusively on object motion.

Question 5 Pictorial cues to depth include all except:

Select one: a. texture gradients. b. motion parallax. c. shadows d. aerial perspective. e. linear perspective.

Question 6 Random dot stereograms reveal that:

Select one: a. visual scientists generally have too much spare time. b. disparity information is extracted only after the identification of contours of objects. c. the correspondence problem has no solution. d. disparity information is extracted prior to the identification of contours of objects.

Question 1 Observing a stationary scene while gently moving the eye with one's fingertip results in:

Select one: a. perceived motion that supports Sherrington's eye muscle displacement theory. b. a perceptually stationary world that supports Helmholtz's efferent copy theory. c. perceived motion that supports Helmholtz's efferent copy theory. d. a perceptually stationary world that supports Sherrington's eye muscle displacement theory.

Question 2 A directionally-selective motion detector can be constructed from:

Select one: a. two spatially-coincident receptive fields converging on a recipient neuron with no time delay. b. two spatially-separated receptive fields converging on a recipient neuron with no time delay. c. two spatially-separated receptive fields converging on a recipient neuron with a time delay. d. two spatially-coincident receptive fields converging on a recipient neuron with a time delay.

Question 3 The Motion After-effect:

Select one: a. occurs when stationary objects appear to move in a similar direction to that seen during adaptation. b. causes stationary objects to change position following motion adaptation. c. occurs when stationary objects appear to move in a direction opposite to that seen during adaptation. d. refers to the feeling of dizziness caused by prolonged head rotation.

Question 4 The aperture problem for elongated stimuli arises because:

Select one: a. individual motion-selective receptive fields "see" only a small region of space, and many of these respond only to one-dimensional aspects of visual stimuli. b. not all apertures are uniform in size. c. apertures enhance the detection of certain types of motion. d. all motion is inherently ambiguous in direction.

Question 5 Motion-selective neurons in primates are first found in:

Select one:

a. area MT (V5) b. area V1. c. the LGN. d. the retina.

Question 6 Damage to ________ can result in a selective blindness to the motion of visual stimuli.

Select one: a. the superior colliculus b. area V1 c. LGN d. area MT/V5

Question 1 Neurons demonstrating the property of colour constancy are first encountered in:

Select one: a. area V4. b. the retina. c. the LGN. d. the striate cortex.

Question 2 The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all of the following except:

Select one: a. visible light b. spatial frequencies

c. infrared radiation d. X-rays

Question 3 Mixing blue and yellow paint together to make green is an example of:

Select one: a. subtractive colour mixture. b. colour matching. c. additive colour mixture. d. chromatic induction.

Question 4 An observer who is unable to discriminate certain pairs of stimuli from one another which differ only in their wavelength composition might be:

Select one: a. a deuteranope. b. All of the options given are correct. c. suffering from cerebral achromatopsia. d. a normal trichomat

Question 5 In humans, the outputs of the three cone types are compared in various ways to create "opponent' channels which transmit all of the following except:

Select one: a. absolute wavelength information. b. red/green information. c. black/white (luminance) information. d. blue/yellow information.

Question 6 The "Principle of Univariance" states that:

Select one: a. photoreceptor responses can vary in only one dimension. b. different wavelengths cause different responses in photoreceptors. c. individual photoreceptors have no wavelength selectivity. d. different light intensities can always be discriminated.

Question 1 The deleterious effects of visual deprivation can be reversed:

Select one: a. under no circumstances. b. for the motion system, but not for stereoscopic vision. c. if appropriate action is taken during the critical period. d. using visual prosthetic devices.

Question 2 The "critical period" is:

Select one: a. a time during gestation when the cortex undergoes critical development. b. a time during postnatal development when the retina must receive stimulation to mature properly. c. time during postnatal development when the cortex undergoes critical development. d. a time during adulthood when "environmental surgery" can irreversibly alter visual processing.

Question 3 Depriving an animal (or human) of normal visual experience can result in:

Select one: a. the enhancement of certain visual capabilities. b. a larger than normal proportion of binocular cortical neurons. c. severe visual impairment if deprivation occurs during adulthood. d. severe visual impairment if deprivation occurs during development.

Question 4 The following techniques can be used to assess visual acuity in infants except:

Select one: a. visual evoked potentials. b. preferential looking. c. single-unit recording. d. dishabituation.

Question 5 The "Preferential Looking" technique involves:

Select one: a. unobtrusively observing at which of several stimuli a child prefers to look. b. presenting preferred stimuli to a child until s/he habituates. c. actively enticing children to look at particular patterns. d. restricting the child's visual environment.

Question 6 Question text Adult levels of visual acuity and sensitivity do not develop in humans until:

Select one: a. Puberty. b. 18 months. c. 8 years. d. 18 years.

Question 1 When a cue stimulus presented to one sense facilitates the detection or discrimination of a target stimulus presented to a different sense, this is called:

Select one: a. cross-modal cueing. b. synaesthetic cueing. c. exogenous cueing. d. endogenous cueing.

Question 2 A perceptual interaction between vision and hearing in which visual observation of a speaker's lips alters perception of speech sounds is known as the:

Select one: a. Ventriloquism effect. b. McGurk effect. c. Halo Effect. d. McCoy effect.

Question 3 If a patient is unable to name, copy, or correctly match shapes, they may be suffering from:

Select one:

a. Associative agnosia b. Optic ataxia. c. Apperceptive agnosia. d. Unilateral neglect.

Question 4 Which one of the following is not an example of an extrinsic factor of an object image?

Select one: a. Light source. b. Presence of occluding surfaces. c. Surface properties. d. Nature of the background.

Question 5 For some individuals, ordered sequences such as numbers, letters, or days are perceived as sequences of colors. This is an example of:

Select one: a. Achromatopsia b. Kinaesthesia c. Myasthenia d. Synaesthesia

Question 6 Which one of the following is not an example of one of Marr's primal sketch primitives?

Select one: a. Local density. b. Local orientation. c. Average size.

d. Total distance.

Question 1 Attractive faces tend to be:

Select one: a. slightly asymmetric. b. specific to racial groups. c. average. d. gender-neutral.

Question 2 A face created with a blend of 50% happy and 50% angry expressions will appear happy:

Select one: a. when the face is turned upside down. b. after the observer has been induced into a happy mood. c. after adapting to a face with an angry expression. d. after adapting to a face with a happy expression.

Question 3 The so-called "fusiform face area" is most active when:

Select one: a. viewing human faces. b. viewing scrambled faces. c. viewing binocularly fused, form-fittied stimuli

d. seeing Rubin's face/vase stimulus as a vase. e. viewing emotional stimuli.

Question 4 Brain regions which process facial identity and emotional expression:

Select one: a. are found in the occipital lobe. b. are highly overlapping. c. are redundant. d. are interchangeable. e. are well separated.

Question 5 That faces are somewhat special visual stimuli is supported by all these findings except that:

Select one: a. babies prefer to look at faces over other stimuli. b. babies only a few days old prefer to look at the faces of their own mother over other age-matched female faces. c. babies prefer stimuli with vertical (left/right) symmetry over those with horizontal (up/down) symmetry. d. even very impoverished line drawings can be interpreted as faces. e. we are better at recognizing previously seen faces than other types of visual stimuli.

Question 6 Prosopagnosia is a disorder in which:

Select one:

a. visual face processing abilities are selectively impaired. b. the ability to identify persons by any means is impaired. c. vision is impaired in general, but preserved for faces. d. memory for the names of familiar persons is impaired....