HST 210 final review PDF

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HST21 0 Fi n a lEx a mSt u d yGu i d e Pa r t1 :Sh o r tAn s we r s 1. Explain the meanings of the terms Christianus, Iudaeus and Paganus and how they differ

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(except from the fact that they refer to different religions – which is obvious). a. Christianus is the Latin meaning of “follower of Christ” which stems from Christos meaning “anointed one”. Christians were persecuted for their beliefs until the Edict of Milan which set them free, including them as citizens. Indaeus is Biblical Hebrew meaning “from the Kingdom of Judah” or “Jew”. Paganus is Latin for Pagan, which was the general trend towards monotheism in and during the Roman Empire. These terms differ from each other in the sense that they were all viewed extremely different in the Roman Empire. Christianity was a minority to begin, while Judaism was quite popular. Four keywords on Epicureanism: a. Epicureanism was a philosophy about food. The term does not mean someone that is extremely educated and knows a lot of detailed information about food, which is a modern-day definition. The philosophy is more about moderating what you eat, keeping alcohol to a minimum, and sticking to a bland diet. Four keywords on Stoicism: a. Stoicism was a philosophy founded in the Hellenistic period. It focused on having none to very little emotion. It was a very “even” idea, in the way that an individual should not/would not get angry, but they would also not get joyful. There was no pure happiness but also no devastating sadness. The idea was heavy on moderating your emotions and actions in life. Give a short definition for the following terms: a. Consul  the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic; 2 were elected after the King; the Consul had powers of imperiu and auspicium, they were also accompanied by 12 lictors b. Magistrate  civilian officers they were to administer the law and were one of the highest rankings of authority. They possessed both judicial and executive powers. c. Province  a foreign territory annexed by Rome. The Romans first province they had annexed was Sicily in 227 BCE. They were worried that it would fall into the wrong hands, so they immediately took over and gained direct control. d. Senate  an advisory body that served as the true ruling body of the Roman Republic e. Triumvirate  groups composed of three ultra-powerful senators who banded together in pursuit of their own interest these groups effectively removed whatever vestiges of independent authority the Senate passed. How and when did Pliny the Elder die? a. Pliny the Elder died in attempt of saving a friend during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the volcanic eruption that destroyed Pompeii. Pliny the Elder was the uncle of Pliny the younger. He died in 79 AD.

6. How did the Egyptian Kingdom come to an end?

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a. The Egyptian Kingdom fell after Alexander’s death. After Alexander died, the Greeks took over until 30 BC. Cleopatra was the last to rule the Egyptian Kingdom, Egypt fell to the Roman empire and become a Roman province. Other reasons for the fall of the Egyptian Kingdom, were due to a continuous shift of pharaohs, economic struggles, flooding, and famine. Why do we not speak of “Mesopotamian citizens”? a. Mesopotamia was never a real civilization, instead, more of a region of different villages merged together. Some people will disagree and make claims that the people shared language and religion making them a civilization. The land was originally just a region in-between the Tigris and Euphrates. Lastly, the people of the land never referred to themselves as “Mesopotamians” What are the basic principles of the Hippocratic Oath? a. The Hippocratic Oath was taken by physicians. The Oath was developed by Hippocrates to solidify the confidentiality of patients, and loyalty to one’s teacher. The oath stated things such as not to harm a patient, help when they are sick, never abuse a patient, and to never have any intercourse with patients. The oath also stated to remain loyal to the physician’s teacher. The physician was to help out their teacher when they are struggling financially, and to view the physician’s family as their family. What are the first and second triumvirate – why are they so important? a. The first triumvirate included Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar. They united together and agreed to invent in one another’s interests and desires. The second triumvirate included Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian. They joined forces in order to get revenge on their enemies. These triumvirates are so important because they led to the end of the Roman Republic. What are the main differences between the Athenian and the Roman constitution? a. In the Athenian constitution, it is stated that they have a direct democracy. In the Athenian political system, citizens chose their elected leaders, and their male citizens had a large voice. In the Roman constitution, it is stated that they are a Democracy. Only voiced, higher class citizens were able to elect officials. They had a 2 party system, constructed of Patricians and Plebeians. What are the three most important positions in the Roman magistrate, and what were their main tasks? a. They assisted the Consuls in enforcing the laws and later oversaw financial matters b. Law making; creating new laws c. Command the military What are the two origin myths of Rome? a. Romulus and Remus are two mythological twin brothers who “founded” the city of Rome. They were fighting about who would claim power, so Romulus killed Remus. b. ?? What does “Defensive Aggression” mean in the context of Roman History? a. The Romans, in order to defend the city and their identity, aggressively expanded their empire. They wanted their city to be protected and safe.

14. What does it mean when the temple of Janus is closed? What does it tell us about Roman

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history? a. Nero closed the doors of the Temple of Janus in Rome in 66 CE; this signified that the entire Roman world was at peace. However, this did not last long, the same year, tensions with Judea aroused. What happened at following dates, why are they so important? a. 735 BC  official finding of Rome b. 333 BC  Battle of Issus; Alexander made his way into Persia c. 44 BC  Caesar is killed d. 14 AD  Augustus dies e. 79 AD  Mt. Vesuvius erupts f. 212 AD  the constitution antoninina (When Roman citizenship was extended to increase the amount of taxes) g. 314 AD  Edict of Milan h. 410 AD  Rome is sacked i. 476 AD  the last Roman emperor is deposed What happened to Alexander’s Empire after his death? a. After Alexander’s death, a series of civil wars broke out, tearing his empire apart which led to his empire being divided into several states. What happened to most of the Roman temples that are still standing today? a. Most of them are preserved underground; they have just continued to build on top of them. Some of them are able to be seen, some are not. Some were also used to build other parts of Rome. What is a barbarian? a. A barbarian is anyone who was not a citizen of Greek or Rome. A barbarian did not speak the Greek or Roman language. They were looked down upon and were excluded of many events. What is a catacomb? a. A catacomb is a an underground cemetery. The catacombs of Rome were constructed by ancient Romans in attempt to preserve and honor the dead. The catacombs are a popular destination for tourists. What is syncretism? a. Syncretism is when distinct aspects of different cultures blend together to create something new. What is the Ara Pacis? Why was it built? How was it used in the 20th century? a. The Ara Pacis is an alter that was built in ancient Rome dedicated to the Roman God Pax of Peace. It was build to honor the return of Augustus. What is the constitutio antoniniana? What was its significance? Give a date. a. This gave citizenship to everyone in Rome who was free. This meant that everyone was able to pay taxes, and Rome would gain more money. The date is 212 AD. What is the golden mean according to Aristotle? a. The Golden mean basically means in the middle of two extremes. This can follow the idea of moderation, where nothing is heavy on one side, but more an even middle. It can be compared as an in-between of beauty and truth. What is the main difference between Diocletian’s and Constantine’s Rule?

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a. The main difference between Diocletian and Constantine’s rule was that Diocletian purged the Christians, in fact, one of the largest purges in history. Diocletian also split the empire into two. Constantine, rather than purging the Christians, thought that they should be included rather than killed. What is the Musaeum/Mousain in Alexandria – what is the historical significance? a. It is a Library. When Caesar came to help Cleopatra take power, he accidentally burned some of the library down. This was a devastating event, and many things such as artifacts and primary sources got lost. What is the Edict of Milan? Give a date a. The Tolerance Edict of Milan established religious tolerance in the Roman Empire (specifically, Christianity). It was a political agreement with Rome and Milan. The Edict of Milan was established in 313 AD. What were the main functions of the Roman road system? a. One main function of the Roman road system was to provide a method of transportation for the Roman army. Another main function of the Roman road system was that it enables the Romans to trade goods. Lastly, it provided a method of communication for the Romans to communicated with other countries/empires. Why would no one call himself/herself pagan in the ancient world? a. In a world where there were Christians and Jews, the term “pagan” was more of a negative connotation; it meant an “uneducated redneck”. Roman Christians believed that they were more enlightened than pagans; they thought they were “above” them. Being a pagan was in some way an insult.

Primary sources:  ROME; o Gospel of Matthew o Plutarch (Life of Alexander)  Parallel with Caesar o LIVY (History of Rome)  History of rome told by livy o I am a Christian  Series of verses o Via Appia  Any of those o Pliny the Younger; “Letters”  Eruption of mt. Vesuvius  GREECE o Aristophanes  The plays; “the clouds”  how Socrates is a terrible teacher  Lisistrats  women could and would not sell sex o Allegory of the Cave (Plato)  The guy in the cave gets out and sees the real world o Apology of Socrates (Socrates trial; Plato) o Hippocratic Oath

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