Humanities 2 Exam-2 PDF

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Exam-2 Study Guide. Professor Heather Scaffner at University of Northern Iowa...

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Christian Humanism - Christian humanism teaches that liberty, individual conscience, and intellectual freedom are compatible with Christian principles and that the Bible itself promotes human fulfillment—based on God’s salvation in Christ and subject to God’s sovereign control of the universe. - Erasmus, most influential christian humanist - Focused on the sources of early christianity, the holy scriptures and the writing of such church fathers as Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome. Meaning of ‘Reformation’ - a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches. Printing press - Propaganda during the Reformation, helped by the spread of the printing press throughout Europe and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the sixteenth century. 95 Theses - Ninety - Five Theses (1517) - Albert, Bishop of Mainz - Intentions - Publication Luther’s Doctrine of salvation - Catholic doctrine had emphasized that both faith and good works were required for a Christian to achieve personal salvation - In Luther’s eyes, human beings are weak and powerless in the sight of an almighty God, could never do enough good works to merit salvation. - Humans are saved not through their good works but through faith in the promises of God. What is a Diet? - Diet is a word for Assembly Edict of Worms - Holy Roman Emperor Charles V presided over the meeting. The diet issued the Edict of Worms, which basically forbade anyone to shelter Martin Luther or provide him with aid. The edict stated that Luther should be captured and punished as a heretic. The Diet of Worms in 1521 was a critical moment in the Protestant Reformation. Marburg Colloquy – Luther & Zwingli - The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, Germany which attempted to solve a disputation between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Bread and Wine. It took place between 1 October and 4 October 1529. Calvinism: covenant and TULIP - Basis - Covenant - Agreement made between people - Scripture - TULIP - Sacraments - Baptism - Lord’s Supper - Comparison with Lutherans

Anglican Church (2) -

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Via Media (compromise between extremes) Establishment - Largely Catholic structure - Conservative - Scripture based - Vernacular bible - Tolerance Sacraments Book of Common Prayer First official state run Protestant church - Major difference from Lutheran/ Calvinist

Anabaptists - Some consider them to be even outside Protestant movement - Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites - Literal interpretation of sermon on the Mount - Reject infant baptism - Live communally, outside of society - Authority of conscience - Separation of church and state - No bearing arms - Priesthood of all believers - No Clergy structure - Zealous in evangelism - Anabaptists are pacifist - They do not take part in Government Millenarianism Millenarianism, generally speaking, is belief in a future positive transformation of society. Christian millenarianism, also known as millennialism, is the belief that there will be a 1,000-year period in the future in which Christ will literally rule on earth. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Philosophy before Reformation: Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274) - Scholasticism (Mixture of religion and philosophy) & Aristotle - Goal of human existence: union & eternal fellowship with God - Summa Theologica - Summary of history of the cosmos and the meaning of life - Notes Theology was not necessary for philosophy but that philosophy could be used theology - Contains the famous argument for the 5 ways God exists.

Council of Trent (1545 - 1563) - Pope Paul III - Maintenance of some ideals - Church structure, sacraments, religious orders, doctrine - Church as interpreter of Scripture - Pope as head of church - Changes - Rejected compromise - Education - Address financial abuses

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Focus on parish level Appointment, abilities of bishops Court of inquisition

Keeps - Indulgences - Clerical Celibacy - Purgatory

Ignatius Loyola - Founder of Jesuits - Lives the life of a hermit - The Spiritual Exercises Book -

Jesuits -

Absolute obedience to the Papacy A strict hierarchical order for the society The use of education to achieve its goal Dedication to engage in conflict for God

sacraments kept by Protestant religions - Baptism and Lord’s Supper Protestant movement impact on: family life, education - Family Life - Positive approach to family relationship - Father as Ruler - Woman not the controller of religion at home anymore - Men and Women to read the bible and participate in religious services together Education - Humanist approach in schools and universities Broadened the base of the people being educated Huguenot - As the French Calvinist were called, came from all levels of society: artisans and shopkeepers hurt by rising prices and a rigid guild system, merchants and lawyers in provincial towns whose local privileges were tenuous. - A lot of nobility become Huguenot - Bourbon prominent Huguenot family, great threat to the monarchical power Politiques - A group of public figures who places politics before religion. Reason for marriage of Margot Valois to Henry Bourbon - order to seal the peace between Catholics and Protestants

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes - The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes), signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

King Philip II major goal - Consolidate and control father’s lands: Spain, Netherlands, Italy lands (Naples), New World territories - Make Spain a dominant European power

Why did Dutch revolt against King Philip II of Spain? -

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Social issues: division of nobility, lower class unrest Philip looking to strengthen control - Religion = catalyst for rebellion - Increased taxes, permanent sales tax - Council of troubles The two major reasons that the Dutch rebelled against Spain were taxes and religion. The Holy Roman Empire and Spain (which were both ruled by the Hapsburgs) had unfairly taxed the wealthy provinces of the Netherlands in order to fund their wars. Also, both the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II, King of Spain, who were both Catholic, repressed the growing number of Protestants in the Netherlands.

Elizabeth I of England religious policy and foreign policy - Based on moderation and compromise - Appointed her the head of the English church - Restored the Church service of the Book of Common Prayer Defenestration of Prague - Incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War. In 1617 Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia closed Protestant chapels that were being constructed by citizens of the towns of Broumov and Hrob, thus violating the guarantees of religious liberty laid down in the Letter of Majesty (Majestätsbrief) of Emperor Rudolf II (1609). It was as a signal for the beginning of a Bohemian revolt against the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II, which marked one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years’ War. Gustavus Adolphus - Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden (lutheran), invades Germany Aim: creation of a German federation of states under his rule - Military genius; “Lion of the North” - Responsible for reviving Sweden and transforming it into a great Baltic power. - Devout Lutheran Treaty of Westphalia - The Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of treaties (the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück) signed in October and May 1648 which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. - The treaty gave the Swiss independence of Austria and the Netherlands independence of Spain. The German principalities secured their autonomy. Sweden gained territory and a payment in cash, Brandenburg and Bavaria made gains too, and France acquired most of Alsace-Lorraine. The prospect of a Roman Catholic reconquest of Europe vanished forever. Protestantism was in the world to stay. -

Negotiated for 5 years Ended thirty years’ war in europe and eighty years’ war between spain and netherlands Establishes political boundaries of european countries All states will honor Peace of augsburg (1555)

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General recognition of each state Establishes peace through diplomatic congress and new political order Changes balance of power in Europe Permanent abandonment of the ancient Roman catholic church in control of europe.

literate Germans in 1520s Who is in urban elite social class? Elite Society - Increasing variety of elites - Legally titled (nobles) - Urban elites - Idea of nobility, power based on land holding - Key consideration = privilege - Pursuit of titles, fiefs, honor - Increasing stress on honor, respectability, virtue, military prowess, prosperity in country. important socio-economic unit for women - Family = most important socio - economic unit for women - Artisan production, farming, child care - Typesetting, proofreading - Encouragement of literacy and numeracy - Young, unmarried women leave home to earn $ - Widows gain greater social, economic influence.

Impact of religious debate on women - Protestant biblical reading fostered attitude that women suffered the sin of Eve - Misogynistic writings, art - Closure of brothels - All religions promote marriage and marital values - Positive effects of religious debate - Improved literacy & literature reading Political philosophy in the 16th century 16th century religion and politics -

State exists by divine ordinance War is justifiable in case of war Christians may serve the state Whether the govt is good or not, subjects must never resist. Government if formed by GOD Ruler should not be obeyed if he goes against God

Witch craze Who was a witch? Malleus Malificarum (Witch Hunting Manual) - Malleus Maleficarum - “The Hammer of Witches” -

Book on how to deal with witches

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Very Misogynistic

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Writers were lawyers and intellectuals

how were witches tried? King James VI Torture in witch trials restricted population growth in 16th century printing press: fear and tension

Enclosure -

area sealed off with an artificial or natural barriers

Lay religious societies - Not an ordained religious minister. Lay means not part of the clergy...