Psy120 exam2 study guide PDF

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PSY 120 Study Guide Exam 2 Study Guide...

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PSY120 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 9 Define Thinking -The mind is the idea while the thinking processes of the brain involved in processing information such as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, to reason and make decisions.

What are the three aspects of grammer Phenome: smallest distinctive sound unit, not the same as letters Morphemes: Smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word, can sometimes be a phenome but is usually several together Grammer: is the study of rules governing the use of language

What do categories allow us to do? Allow us to respond appropriatly to new objects we encounter. What are the levels of the categorical hierarchies? Superordinary level: Most general level within a category heirarchy such as animal in animal/dog/poodle Subordinate Level: Most specific level Basic Level: the middle level, often the first level learned within a category heirarchy

Prototype View Is a mode of graded categorization in cognitive science where some members of a category are more central than others. For example when asked to give an example of a the concept furniture, chair is more frequently cited than stool.

Examplar View Is a proposal concerning the way humans categorize objects and ideas. It argues that individuals make category judgements by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory For example, tables are all different yet we know its a table

Algorithms A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedie but also more error-prone use of heuristics

Heuristics A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-proned than algorithms. Confirmation Bias is a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence Belief Persistance clinging to one's initial coneptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited Representativeness Heuristic is judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relavant information Availability Heuristic is estimating the likelihood of events based on their availabilty in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Chapter 10 Raymond Cattell Fluid Intelligence our ability to reason speedily and abstrctly, tends to decrease during late adult hood Crystalized Intelligence our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increase with age

Howard Gardner's types of intelligence Naturalist Intelligence: Nature Smart Musical: sound smart Logical Mathematical: Number/Reasoning Smart Existential: Life Smart Interpersonal: People Smart Bodily-Kinesthetic: Body Smart Linguistic: Word Smart Intra-Personal: Self Smart Spatial: Picture Smart

Intellectual ability in response to environmental conditions

Chapter 11 Intrinsic Motivation Goal directed behavior that seems to be entirely self motivated

Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Maslow's Heiracrchy of Needs Physiological Needs Safety Needs Love/Belonging Needs Esteem Self-Actualization

Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorde characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, followed by vomitting, laxative use fasting or excessive exercise

Masters and Johnson Phases of sexual arousal Phase Phase Phase Phase

1: Excitement 2: Plateau 3: Orgasm 4: Resolution

Sexual Scripts How males and females are supposed to interact with each other, including how each gender should behave in sexual or romantic situations

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Sates that emotion is based on two factors: Physiological arousal and cognitive label Must be physcially aroused Congintively label the arousal

Chapter 12 The Big Five model of personality Openness: Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and a variety of experiance Conscientiousness: Tendencey to be organized and dependable, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior. Extraversion: Energy, positive emotions, surgency, assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others Agreeablenes: Tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others Neuroticism: The Tendency to experiance unpleasent emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability

Psychodynamic Approach Developed By Freud that emphasizes unconsious mental processes in explaining thought, feeling, and behavior Ego Defense Mechanisms Series of unconscious actions taken by the ego as a form of self-defense that are designed to immediatly reduce anxiety and help maintain psychic balance: Denial: A firm belief that what happened did not happen Displacement: Directing energy towards another "safer" object or person rather than the original object or person Introjection: Internalizing the characteristics of another for the purpose of reducing anxiety from fear or loss of the significant other Intellectualization: Detaching from the emotional aspects of stressful situation and using only intellectual explanations Projection: Attributing to others those traits that are unnacceptable to one's own ego. Rationalization: Creating false excuses to justify unacceptable behaviors or wishes Reaction formation: Behaving in the opposite way to unconscious wishes; using a cover-up behavior to deny threatenin feelings Regression: Retreating to an earlier stage of development or using immature behaviors Repression: Forgetting content that is traumatic or anxiety provoking. This is the most important concept, and is considered the basis of many other ego defense and neurotic disorders Sublimation: Using a higher or more socially acceptable outlet for basic impulses Identification: A person who feels basically inferior identifies with successful causes, organizations, or people in hope that they'll be seen as worthwhile through association. Compensation: Masking percieved weakness or developing other talend to make up for limitations

Social-cognition approach An individuals knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions experiances and outside media influences

Chapter 13 Stereotype The process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group and then inferring that he or she possesses the characteristic generaly help by members of that group

Self-Fulfulling prophecy Process in which a persons expectation about another elicits behavior from the second person.

Fundamental attribution error Tendency to attribute the behavior of other to causes within themselves. Overemphasizes personal causes for other peoples behaviors and to underemphasize personal causes for their own behavior

Actor-Observer Effect Refers to the tendency to attribute one's own action to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes

Elaboration likelihood model There are tow ways we make decisions and hence get persuaded: When we are morivated and able to pay attention, we take logical conscious thinkgin Routes of persuasion Central: used when the message recipiant has the motivation as well as the ability to think about the message and its topics

The Bystander Effect Phenomenon in which indivuduals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help

Social Loafing Person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

Conformity Most common and pervasive form of social influence. The tendency to act or think like members of a group. The act of matching attitudes beliefs and behaviors to group norms.

Chapter 14 Medical model of abnormal behavior This treats a psychological disorder as a physical disease. Patient is given prognosis, and drugs. Strengths: Brought sicence into psych. Patients weren't thrown into jails and were helped. Limitations: The mind can't be sick. Most psychological problems aren't diseases. Treatments only solve problems.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Excessive worrying, or free floating anxiety, that lasts and cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source

Phobic Disorder A highly focused fear of a specific object or situation

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder An Anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and or actions

Major Depression Prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state

Chapter 15 Insight Therapies Variety of therapies seeking to improve psychological functioning by increasing awareness into underlying motives and improvement in thoughts, feelings, and or behaviors.

Behavioral Therapies Remove irrational beliefs, negative thoughts presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders

Dopamine Antagonist Drug which blocks dopamine receptors.

Antidepressents Substance used to influence brain chemistry and the most common classes of these are selective serotonin reuptake inhititors

Rational Emotive Therapy Focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances

Humanistic Therapies Therapy that focuses on the indivudual's nature rather than categorizing groups of people with similar characteristics

Aversion Therapies

Patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneaously being subjected to some form of discomfort

Chapter 16 Three stages of general adaptation syndrome Model wihch describes the body's repsone to stress Alarm Stage: Labels the stress as a threat or fanger to balance, immediatly activates flight or fight ssystem and release adrenaline. Resistance Stage: Body's defence systems become weaker, it still remains on gaurd although not as strong Exhaustion Stage: Stress had been persistnat for a longer period. Body starts to lose its ability to combat the stressors and reduce thir harmful impact. Gateway to burnout and stress overaload.

Relaxation Techniques Prevention Primary Eliminating the stressor (noise, work hours, rotating shifts) Secondary Providing employees with coping resources, excersize class, helping them learn about healthy diet Tertiary Helping employees deal with probles they occur, this is once the problem has overwhlemed and they need help in the form of counseling or employee assistance programs...