HW3 Syntax W20 - Nina Hyams HW3 PDF

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Nina Hyams HW3...

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Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

Syntax'Homework'(50'points)'

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Sec9on:'1B'

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Score'_______________'

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Part'I.'Problems' 1.##In#each#of#the#following#sentences#underline#all#the#instances#of#the#cons5tuent#named#in# the#righthand#column:#(5#points)# e.g.#Mary#put#the#books#on#the#shelves.## #

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NP#

a. #The#girls#love#sushi.#

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VP#

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NP#

c.## Mary#will#finish#her#homework#in#the#library.##

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#############VP#

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b.## That#boy#has#won#many#races.##

d.## A#strong#wind#uprooted#the#tall#trees#along#the#river.#

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PP#

e.## My#dog#is#excep5onally#smart.#

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NP#

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2.##On#a#separate#sheet#of#paper,#draw#phrase#structure#trees#for#the#following#sentences.# NP#categories.#(10#points,#2#each)# a.#The#puppy#found#the#child.# b.#The#monkey#will#eat#the#delicious#banana.# c.#The#ice#melted.# d.#The#old#tree#swayed#in#the#wind.## e.#The#house#on#the#hill#collapsed#in#the#earthquake.#

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Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

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Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

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Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

3.##Using#at#least#one#of#the#cons5tuency#tests#(i.e.,#stand&alone,&move&as&a&unit,&& replacement&by&a&pronoun)#discussed#in#the#chapter#and#in#class,#determine#if#the#boldfaced# por5ons#in#the#sentences#are#cons5tuents.#State#which#test#you#are#using#and#show#how#it# works#or#fails.#Remember#that#a#*#indicates#that#a#sentence#is#ungramma5cal.#Provide#the# gramma5cal#category#of#the#cons5tuents.#(10#points,#2#each)## a.#Martha#found#a'lovely'pillow#for#the#couch.# A'lovely'pillow#is#a#cons5tuent#because#it#is#a#stand#alone.#This#can#be#inferred#by#asking#the# ques5on#‘What#did#Martha#find#for#the#couch?’#The#answer#to#this#ques5on#is#a'lovely'pillow# hence#it#is#definitely#a#cons5tuent.# It#can#also#be#proved#using#the#move#as#unit#cons5tuency#test#because#‘A'lovely'pillow,#Martha# found#for#the#couch’#is#also#gramma5cally#correct.# The#gramma5cal#category#of#a'lovely'pillow#is#NP#(noun#phrase)# b.#The#light'in'this'room#is#terrible.# If#we#try#using#the#replacement#test,#‘*'The#it#is#terrible’#by#replacing#light'in'this'room#by#it,#the# sentence#does#not#make#sense#and#is#also#ungramma5cal#therefore#light'in'this'room#is#not#a# cons5tuent.# Further,#if#we#move#the#phrase#light'in'this'room#to#the#start#of#the#sentence#as#we#do#in#the# stand#alone#test,#‘*'Light'in'this'room,#the#is#terrible’#it#does#not#make#sense#therefore#we# conclude#that#light'in'this'room#is#not#cons5tuent.# c.#Bonnie#will'finish'packing'her'books.# By#the#do-replacement#test#finish'packing'her'books#can#be#replaced#by#do'it#to#give#us#‘Bonnie# will#do'it’#which#is#gramma5cally#correct#as#well#as#preserves#the#meaning#of#the#earlier# sentence#therefore#it#is#a#cons5tuent.# By#the#move#as#unit#test,#finish'packing'her'books#can#be#moved#to#the#start#of#the#sentence#to# give#us#‘Finish'packing'her'books,#Bonnie#will’#which#is#gramma5cally#correct#hence#the#phrase# finish'packing'her'books#is#a#cons5tuent.# The#gramma5cal#category#of#the#cons5tuent#is#VP#(verb#phrase)# d.#Melissa#slept#in'her'class.# In'her'class#is#a#cons5tuent#by#the#stand#alone#test.#The#answer#to#the#ques5on#‘Where#did# Melissa#sleep?’#is#in'her'class#thus#making#it#a#cons5tuent.##

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Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

We#can#also#prove#this#using#the#replacement#test.#The#words#in'her'class#can#be#replaced#by# the#single#word#there#and#the#sentence#would#s5ll#be#gramma5cally#correct#and#preserve#the# same#meaning.#‘Melissa#slept#there’#is#a#result#of#applying#the#replacement#test#hence#in'her' class#is#a#cons5tuent.# The#gramma5cal#category#of#this#cons5tuent#is#PP#(preposi5onal#phrase)#

e.#Pete'and'Max'are#figh5ng#over#the#bone.# We#can#use#the#stand#alone#to#prove#that#Pete'and'Max#is#a#cons5tuent#of#the#sentence#by# asking#the#ques5on#‘Who#are#figh5ng#over#the#bone?’.#The#answer#to#this#ques5on#is#Pete'and' Max#hence#it#is#a#cons5tuent.# Moreover,#we#can#also#apply#the#replacement#test#by#replacing#Pete'and'Max#with#they#and# check#whether#the#sentence#makes#sense.#‘They#are#figh5ng#over#the#bone’#is#both# gramma5cally#correct#as#well#makes#preserves#the#meaning#of#the#previous#sentence#therefore# Pete'and'Max#is#a#cons5tuent.## The#gramma5cal#category#of#the#cons5tuent#is#NP#(noun#phrase)#

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Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

4.#Tamil#is#a#language#spoken#in#India#by#more#than#70#million#people.#Following#are#the#wordfor-word#transla5ons#of#PPs#from#Tamil#to#English:#(5#points#total)# Tamil## # # the#bed#on the#village#from##

# #

English## # `on#the#bed'# `from#the#village'#

a. Based#on#these#data,#is#Tamil#a#head#ini5al#or#head#final#language?##Head'final'language#(1# point)# ▪ Here#are#three#more#word-for-word#glosses#in#Tamil:# Tamil# # # a#story#tell# # the#boy#a#cow#saw## the#woman#slept#

# # # ##

English# `tell#a#story'# `the#boy#saw#a#cow'# `the#woman#slept'#

b. Do#these#addi5onal#data#support#your#answer#in#(4a)?##Why#or#why#not?##(2#points)# In#the#addi5onal#data#provided#above#all#VPs#(verb#phrases)#can#be#broken#down#by#the#VP# rule#which#is#VP#➔#V#NP.#Here#V#(verb)#is#the#head#of#VP#and#NP#(noun#phrase)#is#its# complement.#In#a#head#final#language,#the#head#which#is#V#(verb)#in#a#VP#comes#aaer#its# complement#(NP)#and#this#can#be#seen#the#VP#‘a#story#tell’#where#the#verb#(tell)#comes#aaer# its#NP#(a#story).# Even#in#‘the#boy#a#cow#saw’#the#main#cons5tuents#are#NP#and#VP.#In#the#VP#specifically,#the# head#(verb)#is#saw#(past#of#see)#and#its#complement#NP#is#a#cow.#The#two#are#reversed#as.#It# is#following#the#head#final#rules#to#give#‘the#boy#a#cow#saw’## In#the#last#example,#the#VP#is#‘slept’#which#does#not#have#a#complement#and#it#is#not# inverted#as#it#follows#the#head#final#rule#already.# Therefore,#we#can#conclude#that#Tamil#is#a#head#final#language.#

c. Draw#the#PS#rules#for#S,#VP,#NP,#PP#in#Tamil.#(Don’t#worry#about#using#X-bar#in#this#exercise.)# (2#points)# S'➔'NP'VP' VP'➔'NP'V' NP'➔'Det'N' PP'➔'NP'P'

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Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

Part'2.'Language'Comparison'(20'points)# This#sec5on#explores#your#knowledge#of#the#syntac5c#rules#of#your#two#languages.## ▪ State#2#syntac5c#differences#between#your#two#languages.#For#example,#there#might#be# differences#in#word#order,#or#in#the#way#the#languages#form#ques5ons,#or#nega5on,#in# the#presence#of#absence#of#certain#gramma5cal#categories#such#as#determiners,#etc.## Please#provide#formal#rules#where#possible.#For#example,#if#you#are#discussing#word# ▪ order#please#write#the#PS#rules#for#the#two#languages.#If#you#are#discussing#a#movement# rule,#state#the#rule#precisely.## ▪ Please#provide#clear#examples#to#illustrate#your#points#and#be#sure#to#gloss#(or# transliterate#if#the#wri5ng#system#is#different)#and#translate#your#examples.##

• One#major#difference#between#the#English#and#Hindi#is#that#they#follow#different#word#order.# English#has#a#SVO#linear#order#of#sentences#meaning#that#it#follows#the#phrase#structure#TP#➔# NP#T’#and#T’#➔#T#VP.#For#example#‘John#carried#the#luggage.’#This#sentence#can#be# decomposed#into#NP#(John)#and#T’#(carried#the#luggage)# #

John#carried#the#luggage.

NP John

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T’

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VP

past V carry#

NP

Det the

N luggage

However,#if#we#write#the#same#sentence#in#Hindi#it#would#be#wrigen#as#‘John#saamaan#le# gaya'#(gloss#-#John#luggage#carry-PAST)#which,#literally#translated#to#English#means,#‘John#luggage#

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Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

carried.’#The#PS#rules#for#Hindi#can#be#said#to#be#TP#➔#NP#T’#and#T’#➔#VP#T#and#VP#➔#NP#V.#It#can# be#inferred#that#in#contrast#to#English,#Hindi#is#a#head#final#language#with#respect#to#certain#PS# rules#and#can#be#classified#as#an#SOV#language.# John#saaman#le#gaya

NP

T’

John

VP

T

NP

V

saaman

le#

past# (gaya)

• In#English#the#gramma5cal#category#of#ar5cles,#also#qualified#as#a#determiner,##is#prevalent#in# almost#all#of#the#sentences.#Ar5cles#are#not#only#used#to#indicate#the#possibly#modified#status# of#the#nouns#but#they#also#define#the#definiteness#or#the#indefiniteness#of#the#noun#being# referred#to.#There#is#only#one#class#of#definite#ar5cle#in#English#-#‘the’#and#it#refers#to#a# par5cular#noun.#In#terms#of#indefinite#ar5cles#as#determiners,#‘a’#or#‘an’#are#used.## Some#examples#-## ‘He#cleaned#up#the#table#aaer#ea5ng’# ‘Nick#is#an#excellent#writer’# In#each#of#the#above#examples,#either#a/an/the#have#been#used#to#determine#the#definiteness#of# the#noun.#

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Linguis'cs)1) Nina)Hyams)

) )

Winter)2020) Homework)#3)(due)Wed.)2/5)11:59)p.m.))

On#the#other#hand,#Hindi#does#not#contain#any#definite#ar5cles#and#only#contains#one#indefinite# ar5cle#‘ek’#(translated#to#‘one’)#and#its#use#is#highly#restric5ve#compared#to#its#English# counterparts.#However,#the#absence#of#the#specific#class#of#determiners#—#ar5cles#—#does#not# hinder#na5ve#speakers#from#conveying#the#same#message#because#that#is#how#the#language#was# formed.#In#the#case#of#‘ek,'#it#is#most#commonly#used#as#a#quan5fier#to#specify#‘one’#of# something#rather#than#as#an#indefinite#ar5cle.## The#examples#from#before#can#be#used#to#highlight#this#difference#—# ‘Usne#khaane#ke#baad#mez#saaf#kardi’#(gloss#-#he#eat-past#aaer#table#clean-past)# ‘Nick#adbhut#lekhak#hai’#(gloss#-#Nick#excellent#writer#is)# The#absence#of#ar5cles#as#determiners#in#the#above#sentences#does#not#make#them# gramma5cally#incorrect#nor#does#it#lead#to#a#loss#of#informa5on#but#it#is#a#well-known#syntac5c# difference#between#English#and#Hindi.

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