Hydraulic lab project report complete PDF

Preview

Summary

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTDEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGHYDRAULICS LABORATORY REPORTEXPERIMENT1) PELTON TURBINE2) FRANCIS TURBINE3) OPEN CHANNEL4) INFILTRATION RATE5) BASIC HYDROLOGYCODE / COURSEBFC 21201 HYDRAULICS AND MECHANIC OF MATERIALLABORATORYSECTI...

Description

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS LABORATORY REPORT

1) PELTON TURBINE 2) FRANCIS TURBINE EXPERIMENT

3) OPEN CHANNEL 4) INFILTRATION RATE 5) BASIC HYDROLOGY

CODE / COURSE

BFC 21201 HYDRAULICS AND MECHANIC OF MATERIAL LABORATORY

SECTION

11

GROUP NAME

GROUP 5

GROUP MEMBERS

LECTURER / INSTRUCTOR /

DR. AZRA MUNIRAH BINTI MAT DAUD

TUTOR NAME SUBMISSION DATE

20TH MAY 2020

i

MARKS

REPORT

35%

INTERVIEW

7.5%

OTHERS

7.5%

RECEIVED STAMP

50% EXAMINER COMMENTS

STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true"

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME

MATRIC NO :

DATE

: 20th MAY 2020

STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true"

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME

:

MATRIC NO : 1

DATE

: 20th May 2020

STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true"

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME

:

MATRIC NO

DATE

: 20th MAY 2020

STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true"

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME

:

MATRIC NO :

DATE

: 20th MAY 2020

STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true"

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME

MATRIC NO :

DATE

: 20th MAY 2020

:

STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true"

(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME

:

MATRIC NO :

DATE

: 20th MAY 2020

CONTENT

NO 1.

2.

TITLE

PAGE

PELTON TURBINE: 1.0)

INTRODUCTION

1

2.0)

OBJECTIVE

1

3.0)

THEORY

1-4

4.0)

EQUIPMENT & MATERIAL

5-6

5.0)

PROCEDURE

7-8

6.0)

RESULTS & CALCULATION

9-13

7.0)

DISCUSSION

14

8.0)

CONCLUSION

15

9.0)

REFERENCE

15

FRANCIS TURBINE 1.0)

INTRODUCTION

16-17

2.0)

OBJECTIVE

17

3.0)

THEORY

18

4.0)

EQUIPMENT & MATERIAL

19-20

5.0)

PROCEDURE

21-22

6.0)

RESULTS & CALCULATION

23-30

7.0)

DISCUSSION

31

8.0)

CONCLUSION

32

9.0)

REFERENCE

32

NO 3.

4.

TITLE

PAGE

OPEN CHANNEL: 1.0)

INTRODUCTION

33

2.0)

OBJECTIVE

33

3.0)

THEORY

4.0)

EQUIPMENT & MATERIAL

36

5.0)

PROCEDURE

37

6.0)

RESULTS & CALCULATION

7.0)

DISCUSSION

45

8.0)

CONCLUSION

45

9.0)

REFERENCE

46

34-36

38-44

INFILTRATION RATE: 1.0)

INTRODUCTION

48

2.0)

OBJECTIVE

48

3.0)

THEORY

48-49

4.0)

EQUIPMENT & MATERIAL

50-51

5.0)

PROCEDURE

6.0)

RESULTS & CALCULATION

7.0)

DISCUSSION

55

8.0)

CONCLUSION

56

9.0)

REFERENCE

57

52 53-54

NO 5.

TITLE

PAGE

BASIC HYDROLOGY: 1.0)

INTRODUCTION

59-60

2.0)

OBJECTIVE

61

3.0)

LEARNING OUTCOMES

61

4.0)

THEORY

61

5.0)

APPARATUS & FUNCTION

6.0)

PROCEDURE

7.0)

RESULT & CALCULATION

65-72

8.0)

QUESTION

73-75

9.0)

DISCUSSION

76

10.0)

CONCLUSION

77

11.0)

REFERENCE

78

62-63 64

1.0) INTRODUCTION Pelton Wheel Turbine is an impulse or a constant pressure water turbine. In this case water head is very high. Pelton wheel consists of a wheel called rotor. The rotor of the turbine consists of a circular disc with a few double spoon shaped buckets evenly distributed over the periphery. The water is the supplied from the reservoir. This type of turbine available hydraulic energy of the water is converted into the kinetic energy at atmospheric pressure by means of the nozzle jet. Each nozzle directs the jet along a tangent to the circle through the centers of the buckets. Each bucket consists of a splitter which divides the incoming jet in to two equal portions and after flowing around the smooth inner surface of the bucket the water leaves with a relative velocity almost opposite in direction to the original jet. The high-speed water jets running the Pelton wheel turbine are obtained by expanding the high-pressure water through nozzles to the atmospheric pressure. The high-pressure water can be obtained from any water body situated at some height or streams of water flowing down the hills. The change in momentum of the water jet in passing over the buckets exerts tangential force on the wheel causing it to rotate. For that, change in momentum of the water stream should be maximum possible thus converts the hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy by means of the shaft rotation.

2.0) OBJECTIVE To determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds

3.0) THEORY In the impulse turbines, the total head available is first converted into the kinetic energy. This is usually accomplished in one or more nozzles. The jets issuing from the nozzles strike vanes attached to the periphery of a rotating wheel. Because of the rate of change of angular momentum and the motion of the vanes, work is done on the runner (impeller) by the fluid and, thus, energy is transferred. Since the fluid energy which is reduced on passing through the runner is entirely kinetic, it follows that the absolute velocity at outlet is smaller than the absolute velocity at inlet (jet velocity). Furthermore, the fluid pressure is atmospheric throughout and the relative velocity is constant except for a slight reduction due to friction. The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine in which the vanes, sometimes called buckets, of elliptical 1

shape are attached to the periphery of a rotating wheel, as shown in figure below. One or two nozzles project a jet of water tangentially to the vane pitch circle.

3.1 Components of the Pelton turbine: 1. Runner with bucket: Runner (also named impeller) of Pelton turbine consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which a few buckets are fixed. 2. Nozzle: The water coming from the reservoir through penstock is accelerated to a certain velocity by means of a nozzle. 3. Spear: The spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction depending upon the size of the unit. The amount of water striking the buckets of the runner is controlled the spear in the nozzle. 4. Casing: Casing is used to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail race. It is made up of cast iron or steel plate. 5. Breaking jet: When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction the amount of water striking the runner reduce to zero.

2

However, due to inertia the runner goes on to revolves for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is used to direct the jet of water on the back of buckets. This jet of water is called breaking jet. Governing mechanism: The speed of turbine runner is required to be maintained constant so that electric generator can be coupled directly to turbine. Therefore, a device called governor is used to measure and regulate the speed of turbine runner.

Power, Efficiency and Specific Speed Expressions: From Newton’s second law applied to angular motion, Angular velocity (ω) =

2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛(rad/s)

60𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Torque (τ, Nm) = Rate of change of angular momentum Mechanical Power Pm (watt) = (Torque)*(Angular velocity) Where, 1 revolution is equal to 2 radiuses, *Drum brake radius on turbine (DBR) = 30 x 10-3 (m) Meanwhile, Waterpower, 𝑃𝑤 (watt) = 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄 where, Water density is (100 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3), 𝑔 is gravity constant (9.81 𝑚/𝑠2), 3

𝐻 is head at inlet point (𝑚) and 𝑄 is flowrate (𝑚3/s). Turbine efficiency, η% = 𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑤 × 100

4

4.0

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

Figure 4.2: Tachometer (used to read turbine Figure 4.1: Pelton Wheel

speed)

Figure 4.3: Pressure gauge (used to read

Figure 4.4: Spring balance (used to give load

pressure)

at Pelton Turbine)

5

Figure 4.5: Ball (used to block the drain)

Figure 4.6: the volumetric reading

Figure 4.7: Stopwatch (used for recording time)

6

5.0

PROCEDURE 1. Check that the valve at the pump discharge is closed. 2. The spring balances was adjusted at zero and make sure no load was applied.

Figure 5.1: Adjust the spring balances. 3. The pump is switched on. 4. The hydraulic benches were started, and the control valve is slowly open while opening the spear valve until the bench flow is at maximum and the spear valve is fully opened. This valve is to be kept opened throughout the test. 5. The tachometer is used to measure the maximum speed of the turbine and recorded.

Figure 5.2: The tachometer used to measure speed. 6. The turbine pressure at the pressure gauge was taken and recorded.

7

Figure 5.3: Turbine pressure was taken. 7. The reading on the spring balance were also recorded. 8. The ball is used to block the drain to allow the water to flow into the volumetric reading.

Figure 5.4: The ball is used to block the drain. 9. The stopwatch is used to record the time when the water volume reach at 20litres mark.

Figure 5.5: Water volume reached 20litres mark. 10. Step 2 to 9 was repeated and applied the load with different load by the spring balances. 8

6.0) RESULT AND CALCULATIONS Formula used: Mechanical Power: 𝑷𝒎 (watt) = Torque, 𝑟 (Nm) × 𝑚 (rad/s) 1. Torque, 𝑟 (Nm) = Force (N) × Radius (m) 2. 𝑚 =

𝟐 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔/𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒎𝒊𝒏

(rad/s)

Waterpower: 𝑷𝒘 (watt) = 𝒑𝒈𝑯𝑸 𝑷𝒘 (Watt) = 𝒑𝒈𝑯𝑸 𝒑 = water density 𝒈 =gravity constant 𝑯= inlet point (m) 𝑸= flowrate Turbine characteristic: 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏

𝒎 𝒔𝟐

𝝅 = 3.142 𝒓 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 m 𝒑 = 100𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟐

Load (N)

Pressure,

Wheel

Water

Speed, N

Volume,

(RPM)

(l)

Time, (s)

W1

W2

∆W

(H)

0

0

0

20

9679.7

20

70.8

1.0

0

1.0

18

8769.1

20

70.2

2.0

0.4

1.6

16

1948.4

20

67.2

3.0

0.8

2.2

14

6615.3

20

64.2

4.0

1.0

3

12

5184.4

20

61.8

Table 6.1: Data recorded 9

Volume

Angular

Discharge,

Flow Rate

Torque,

Q (l/s)

Q (10−4

𝑟 (Nm)

𝑚2/𝑠)

Velocity,

s1

Waterpowe r, 𝑃𝑤 (watt)

Mechanical

Turbine

Power, 𝑃𝑚

Efficiency

(watt)

n%

0.2825

2.825

0

1013.66

55.43

0

0

0.2849

2.849

0.03

918.3

50.31

27.459

54.75

0.2976

2.976

0.048

204.04

46.71

9.793

20.96

0.3115

3.115

0.066

692.76

42.78

45.7215

106.87

0.3236

3.236

0.09

542.91

38.09

48.862

128.28

Table 6.2: Result of Pelton Test

10

6.1) Calculation

Torque, 𝑟 = Force × Brake radius = ( ∆W) × Brake radius = (1) x (30𝑥10−3) =0.03 Nm

Angular velocity = (2π × wheel speed) ÷ 60 = [2π x (8769.1)] ÷ 60 = 918.3 s1

Mechanical Power, 𝑷𝒎 = Torque, 𝑟 × angular velocity = 0.03 x 918.3 = 27.549 W

Waterpower, 𝑷𝒘 = ρgHQ = 1000 × 9.81 × 18.0 × (2.849× 10−4) = 50.31 W

Efficiency = (mechanical power ÷ waterpower) × 100 = (27.549 ÷ 50.31) × 100 = 54.75%

11

GRAPH OF ROTATION POWER, (N) AGAINST WHEEL SPEED, N (RPM) 60 50

48.862

ROTATION POWER, W

45.7215 40 30

27.549

20 10 0 ROTATION POWER, (WATT)

9.793 0 9679.7 0

8769.1

1948.4

6615.3

5184.4

27.549

9.793

45.7215

48.862

WHEEL SPEED, N

Graph 1: Graph of rotation power, W versus motor speed, N.

GRAPH OF EFFICIENCY (%) AGAINST WHEEL SPEED, N (RPM) 140

128.8

EFFICIENCY, (%)

120

106.8

100 80 54.75

60 40

20.96 20 0 0 EFFICIENCY (%)

9679.7

8769.1

1948.4

6615.3

5184.4

0

54.75

20.96

106.8

128.8

WHEEL SPEED, N (RPM)

Graph 2: The graph turbine efficiency, (%) versus motor speed, N.

12

DISCHARGE, Q 3.3

3.236

3.2

3.115

DISCHARGE, Q

3.1 2.976

3 2.9

2.825

2.849

2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 DISCHARGE, Q

9679.7

8769.1

1948.4

6615.3

5184.4

2.825

2.849

2.976

3.115

3.236

WHEEL SPEED, N (RPM)

Graph 3: The graph discharge, Q versus motor speed, N.

13

7.0) DISCUSSION From this result obtained, we can see how Pelton Turbine reacts to different kind of input. Base on the table 1.1, this experiment was carried out with the different load, (N) and the load that was applied is increase from 0 to 4.0 KN. The increase in load affected the rotation power and workability of the Pelton Turbine. When load was applied to the turbine, it also makes the speed of the wheel dropped from 70s to 61s. We were also able to identify the mechanical power, 𝑃𝑚 and the turbine efficiency, n% with the use of formula that have been given. From the data obtained, the graph of rotation power, turbine efficiency and discharge versus motor speed had been plotted. From the graph it shows that the rotation power and turbine efficiency increased directly proportional to the time. However, the discharge of volumetric flow rate increased from 2.825*10−4 𝑚2/𝑠 to 3.236*10−4 𝑚2/𝑠 against the motor speed when the water head decreases. That shows the momentum water was being transferred to the turbine. For maximum power efficiency, the turbine system is designed such that the water-jet velocity is twice the velocity of the bucket. A very small percentage of the water original kinetic energy will remain in the water. However, this allows the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled.

14

8.0) CONCLUSION From this experiment, we can conclude that the different of load N, flow rate, Q and the rotational speed will influence the performance of the Pelton turbine. Different load will also either increase or decrease the speed of wheel. When there is too much weight being dropped, the speed will decrease until it stopped suddenly as the weight is too much for it to go against. The combination of flow rate and jet velocity also manipulates the power or work input. The bigger the diameter nozzle results in a faster flow rate but lower in velocity jet.

9.0) REFERENCES 1. https://www.scribd.com/doc/138061490/Pelton-Turbine-Report 2. https://www.scribd.com/document/249170418/Pelton-Turbine-Report 3. https://www.slideshare.net/dmimisa/pelt...