IHP 330 Milestone 2 - Salmonella in the Caribbean PDF

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Salmonella in the Caribbean...

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1 IHP 330 Milestone 2

IHP Milestone II Salmonella in The Caribbean Ana Pascual Southern New Hampshire University June 5, 2021

2 IHP 330 Milestone 2 Population Summary Back in the 1980’s concerns were raised about a Salmonella virus outbreak in the Caribbean due to an increase in diarrhea cases among locals and tourists in some of the Islands. Between 1988 and 1997 a study was conducted among the population of Trinidad and Tobago to determine the sources and the type of virus affecting its residents as there are different types of the Salmonella infection such as Enteritidis, Typhimurium and others. All individuals were becoming ill with the virus regardless the age, gender and location of residence. In order to control the outbreak, it was necessary to find out how, where, who and when the outbreak started. Social and behavioral determinants The three social and behavioral determinants associated with the public health issue in this specific case of Trinidad and Tobago are government, location and educational. Government because there was no efficiency nor monitoring to ensure and force businesses on following safety protocols to safeguard the public well-being. Moreover, according to the article “Salmonella in the Caribbean” (2016), expressed that the communicable disease surveillance system in place at the time did not support the timely detention, nor the investigation of risk factors related with infections. Location is another determinant for the outbreak, the first is the warm weather conditions of the Island which are the most suitable for this kind of virus to propagate and second there were ten farms in the area that had no microbial surveillance to safeguard the quality of the eggs being distributed to the consumers. Out of the ten farms in the country, six of the farms where unsafe due to their unsanitary product handling. Education is the most critical of all as it affects the handling of food when being prepared for consumption.

3 IHP 330 Milestone 2 Teaching residents about the cause of the disease and what they can do to help prevent the propagation of the same is imperative such as washing hands before and after preparing food. Disparities The first disparity is within the farms that did not show concern about following hygiene protocols nor initiative taking safety measures about preventing and monitoring their flocks to keep them free from diseases. In addition, the time that was taking some sectors of the health care providers in regard to reporting a detected case where to long allowing the disease to spread more rapidly. The second disparity in this case was the lack of regulations to enforce the monitoring over these farms whereas describe in the article the conditions where the flocks were kept it was unsanitary. The third disparity was communication. By the time the agency responsible to monitoring diseases to ensure their control was fifty-six days. If proper communication channels were in place the probabilities for an outbreak could have been reduced dramatically. Determinants related to disparities

The lack of authorities of not having a system in place for the prevention and monitoring of diseases is the main determinant for some of the disparities. The information that needed to be related was slow and inefficient. After an evaluation conducted it was determined than less than forty percent of cases were reported to the authorities by providers. CAREC proposed to make some changes in order to improve the communication between health authorities and providers but they confronted resistance to comply with the changes by the health care professionals.

4 IHP 330 Milestone 2 Health Issues Connection

All is a domino effect where one aspect affects another. For instance, government intervention is necessary to protect the public from harmful diseases as resources are more accessible to them. If that does not occur then the issues cannot be assessed, study and understood in order to prevent the propagation of different diseases. Also, it is important because out of all that knowledge acquired through the studies is what is going to be used to educate the population on different forms of prevention to help control the spread of diseases.

5 IHP 330 Milestone 2 Reference Stehr-Green, J., Caribbean Epidemiology Centre: Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, April 14). Epidemiologic Case Studies (Rep.). Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/epicasestudies/classroom_salmonella.html...