III Sem- BA Malayalam-Naveena Malayala Kavitha PDF

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School of Distance Education

Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän hnZqc hnZym-`ymk hn`mKw _n.-F.ae-bmfw (2019 AUvan-j³) aq¶mw ska-ÌÀ Core Course

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX (MAL3 B03)

Prepared by: Smt. Rugmini. K, Assistant Professor(Malayalam), School of Distance Education, University of Calicut.

Scruitnised by: Dr. M.B Manoj, Assistant Professor, Department of Malayalam, University of Calicut.

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School of Distance Education

DÅ-S¡w samUyqÄ 1 \ho\ {]hW-X-I-fpsS thcp-IÄ 1. 2.

_kv tÌm¸n þ am[-h³ A¿-¸¯v ImsS-hnsS a¡sf? þ A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À

3.

im´ þ IS-½-\n« cma-Ir-jvW³ samUyqÄ 2 cmjv{So-b-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ B[p-\n-IX

4. 5.

t]m¯v þ F³.-F³. I¡mSv _wKmÄ þ sI.-Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ

6. 7.

kw{I-aWw þ BäqÀ chn-hÀ½ ]\n þ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ samUyqÄ 3 s]×-bpsS Bhn-jvI-cWw

8.

Ihn t{]bkn þ _mem-a-Wn-b½

9. 10.

s]¬Ipªv 90 þ kpK-X-Ip-amcn arK-in-£-I³ þ hnP-b-e£van

11.

ASp-¡-f-bn-Ãm¯ hoSv þ hnPne Nnd¸mSv samUyqÄ 4 Ihn-X-bpsS hÀ¯-am\w

12. 13.

A¯mgw þ A¿-¸³ sIm« þ Fkv. tPmk^v

14. 15.

]´p-Imbv¡pw Ip¶v þ taml-\-Ir-jvW³ ImeSn I\w þ ]n. cma³

16.

\jvSw þ sI.-BÀ.tSmWn

17. 18.

amÀt¯mam \K-dnse {]Xn-a-IÄ þ ]n.-F. \mkn-ap-±o³ B\-a-bn-sem-«Iw þ d^oIv Al-½Zv

19.

Iq«m-´-X-bpsS Fgp-]-Xp-hÀj-§Ä þ Fw.-_n. at\mPv

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School of Distance Education

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School of Distance Education

samUyqÄ 1 \ho\ {]h-W-X-I-fpsS thcp-IÄ

B[p-\n-IX ae-bm-f-¯n thcp-]n-Sn¨v iàn-{]m-]n-¡p-¶Xv 1960-I-fn-em-Wv. H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²m-\-´cw temI-amsI hym]n¨ aqey-¯I - À¨-bn \n¶p-am-cw`n¨ hyÀ°-Xm-t_m-[-am-bn-cp¶p AXnsâ tI{µ-_nµp. A\y-Xm-t_m-[w, AkvXnXz-Zpx-Jw, hyÀ°-Xm-t_m-[w, Zpc-´m-h-t_m-[w, iq\y-Xm-hmZw F¶n-h-sbÃmw AXnsâ e£-W-§-fmbn h¶p. Adp-]-Xp-I-fnepw Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnepw ae-bm-f-I-hn-XbpsS cq]-`m-h-§-fn h¼n¨ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v B[p-\n-IX Imc-W-am-bn¯oÀ¶p.

am[-h³ A¿-¸-¯v, A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À, F³.-F³. I¡mSv XpS-§n-b-hÀ

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hàm-¡-fmbn cwK-¯p-h-¶p. am[-h³ A¿-¸-¯nsâ aWn-b-d-¡hn-X-IÄ F¶-dn-b-s¸« Ihn-X-I-fmWv CXn\v {]mcw`w Ipdn-¨-sX-¶p-]-d-bmw. A¿¸-]-Wn-¡-cpsS Ipcp-t£-{Xhpw F³.-F³. I¡m-Snsâ \K-c-Ih - n-X-I-fp-sams¡ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS inYneNn{X-§-fm \qX-\-am-sbmcp Imhym-h-t_m[w krjvSn-¨p. IhnX ]Zy-cq-]-¯nÂ\n¶pw hgn-amdn KZy-¯nsâ iàn {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p.-B-Zn-{]-cq-]§fpw _nw_-§-fpw -{]XoI§-fp-saÃmw Ihn-X-bn CSw-t\-Sn. IS-½-\n-«-sb-t¸m-epÅ-hÀ \mtSmSn kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Nmcp-X-I-fp-ambn cwK-¯p-h-¶p.B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS XpS-¡-¯n h¼n¨ amä-§Ä¡v ae-bm-f-I-hnX km£yw-h-ln-¨p.

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School of Distance Education

1. _kv tÌm¸n am[-h³ A¿-¸¯v XriqÀ PnÃ-bn Ip¶w-Ip-f-¯n-\-Sp¯v sNmÆ-¶qcn 1934-þ P\-\w.aWn-bd-bn-te¡v, aWn-b-d-bnÂ, {]Xn-a-bpsS ap¼n F¶nh {][m\ cN-\-IÄ. Poh-N-cn{X-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ, Infn-sam-gn-IÄ F¶nh Imhy-k-am-lm-c§ - Ä. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp F¶ Cw¥ojv cN-\bpw [À½-]Zw F¶ XÀÖ-abpw \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-«p-v. 1988-þse tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv, 2008-þse Bim³ ss{]kv F¶o ]pc-kvIm-c§Ä t\Sn. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS ]q\n-em-hn ap§n-t¸m-bn-cp¶ ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xsb B[p\n-I-X-bpsS ISpw-sh-fn-¨-¯n-te¡v B\-bn¨ Ihn-I-fn ap¼-\mWv am[-h³ A¿¸-¯v. Sn.-F-kv. Fen-bäv apX-emb ]mÝmXy B[p-\nI Ihn-I-fpsS cN-\-I-fp-am-bpm-bn-cp¶ ]cn-N-b-amWv Ihnbv¡v ae-bm-f-¯n A¯-c-¯n-epÅ Imhy-c-N-\-b¡v t{]c-I-am-b-Xv. F¶m ]mÝm-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hp-amb Xsâ Adn-hp-Isf kwtbmPn-¸n-¨p-sImv Xsâ-Xmb ]pXn-sbmcp ]mX sh«n-¯p-d-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. ]uc-kvXy-amb sFXn-lm-knI _nw_-§fpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw kµÀ`-§fpw am{Xaà hS-¡³ ]m«nse CuWhpw Xmfhpw hsc Ihn-X-bn At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. ]pXn-b-Im-es¯ a\p-jy\pw CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-§-fnse IYm-]m-{X-§fpw ]ckv]cw I®n-tNÀ¡-s¸-Sp¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ Imhym-hX-c-W-§Ä At±lw \S-¯n. `á-amb Hcp {]W-bm-\p-`-h-¯nsâ `mhw-]-I-cp¶ IhnX-bmWv {]Xn-a-bpsS ap¶n F¶-Xv. B[p-\n-I-tem-I-¯nse Pohn-Xm-t\z-j-W-¯nsâ hn{`m-´n-P-\-Ihpw kw{`am-ß-I-hp-amb A\p-`q-Xn-]-I-cp¶ Hcp Ihn-X-bmWv aWn-b-d-bn-te-¡v. aWn-b-d-bn F¶ Ihn-X-bn-em-I-s«, {]W-b-¯n-sâbpw Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw km£m-Xv¡ m-c-amWv Bhn-jvIr-X-am-hp-¶-Xv. Cu aq¶p-I-hn-X-I-sfbpw tNÀ¯mWv aWn-b-d-¡-hn-X-IÄ F¶ t]cn hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-dp-Å-Xv.

am[-h³ A¿-¸-¯nsâ Ihn-X-I-fpsS ASn-

¯d Cu aWn-b-d-¡-hn-X-I-fmWv F¶v F³.-F³. I¡mSv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.B[p-\nI \ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

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School of Distance Education

\K-c-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ `uXn-I-Xsb ]ucm-Wn-I-X-bp-ambn Iq«n-¡-eÀ¯n Bhn-jv¡-cn¡p-t¼mÄ Dm-Ip¶ {]tXy-I-am-sbmcp cN-\m-X{´w ]n¶oSv ]e Ihn-Ifpw amXrI-bm-¡n-bn-«p-v. A¯-c-¯nÂ, {]tXy-I-am-sbmcp kuµ-cym-\p-`qXn ]IÀ¶p-X-cp¶ Ihn-X-I-fmWv Ai-co-cn, kz]v\-kp-µ-cn, shfn-¨-¯n-te-¡v, _kv tÌm¸n apX-em-bh. ae-bmf Bkzm-Z-I-tem-I-¯n\v ]pXnb `mhp-IXzw {]Zm\w sNbvX Ihn-X-I-fmbn-cp¶p Ch. \K-c-Po-hn-X-Im-gv¨I-fpsS sImfm-jn-se-¶-t]m-se-bpÅ Hcp t\ÀNn-{Xhpw \K-c-Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-t¯m-SpÅ Ihn-bpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-amWv _tÌm-¸n F¶ IhnX.

Hcp _kv tÌm¸n _kp-Im-¯p-\n¡p¶ Ihn-bpsS Nn{X-am-WmZyw

sXfn-bp-¶-Xv.at\m-l-c-amb Hcp kmb-´-\-¯nsâ Nn{Xhpw Hcp aco-Nn-I-t]mse sXfn-ªp-am-bp-¶p. A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp \K-c-¯n _kp-Im-¯p-\n¡p-I-bmWv Ihn. "\nÀ¯p-an-hnsS _sÊ-¶m-iz-kn¨p I¯qWp Nmcn Rm³ \n¡-bm-W-´n-bnÂ' F¶n-§s\ ]d-ªp-sImv Ihn ImWp¶ Zriy-§-fn-te¡v \½psS {i² £Wn¡p-¶p. hgn-t]m-¡-cn Btcm ]pI¨v hen-s¨-dnª Hcp knK-c-ävIpän \odn-¸p-Iªv Nm¼-em-Ip¶ Zriy-am-Wm-Zyw. CXv shdp-samcp ]pI-¨n-em-b-Ã, adn¨v Hcp \mK-cn-Ia-\p-jysâ BIp-e-X-Ifpw Bi-¦-Ifpw Nn´-Ifpw {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-fp-saÃmw IS-¶p-hcp¶ Xc-¯n-emWv AXns\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

XpSÀ¶v PohnXw Xp¶n-

t¨À¡m³ sXcp-thm-c-¯n-cp¶v ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ sNcp-¸p-Ip-¯n-bpsS Nn{X-am-Wv. ASp-¯-Xmbn hcp-¶Xv Ip«n-IÄ¡pÅ Ifn-t¡m-¸p-IÄ hn¡p-¶, ]Ãn-Ãm¯ tamW-Im-«n-Nn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp htbm-[n-I-\m-Wv. Ifn-t¡m-¸nepw Abm-fpsS Nncn-bnepw Xe-ap-d-IÄ H¶n-¡p-¶-Xmbn kqN-\-bp-v.

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School of Distance Education

ASp-¯-Xmbn Hcp cmjv{So-b-t\-Xm-hnsâ {]kw-K-¯nsâ Nn{X-W-¯n-eqsS cmjv{So-b-¡m-csâ

I]-S-\m-Syhpw

A\ysâ

A[zm-\-¯mÂ

A¶w-t\-Sp¶

]pXnbIme-t\-Xm-hnsâ A[x-]-X-\hpw Nqn¡m«p-¶p. ""hmsf-Sp-t¯m-fq, shfn-¨-s¸-Sm-sa¶p hmZn-¡-bm-sWmcp cmjv{Sob \mb-I³'' F¶mWv ChnsS ]dbp-¶-Xv. asämcp ImgvN Aev]-a-I-se, Hcp aXnÂs¡-«n-\-I-¯mWv. Ahn-sS-bpÅ ]pÂssaXm-\-¯n-encn¡p¶ Hcp kv{Xo Xsâ \mbsb Npw_n¡p-Ibpw sIm©n-¡p-g-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. C{Xbpw Zriy-§-fn-eqsS \K-c-Po-hnX-¯nsâ Im]-Sy-§fpw {]I-S-\-]-c-Xbpw hyà-am-¡p-I-bmWv Ihn. Hcn-S¯v {]mcm_v[-§-fp-sSbpw ]¦-¸m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw asäm-cn-S¯v I]-S-\m-Sy-¯n-sâbpw C\n-bp-samcn-S¯v kpJ-em-e-k-X-bp-sSbpw Nn{Xw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. \K-c-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ sshcp²y-§-fp-sSbpw sshhn-[y-§-fp-sSbpw hen-sbmcp Nn{X-amWv Hcp sImfm-jn-se-¶t]m-se-bpÅ Cu Nn{X-k-¶n-th-i-¯n-eqsS ssIh-cp-¶-Xv.

kabw cm{Xn-bm-bn.

At¸mgpw Xm\-hnsS \n¡p-¶-sX-´n-\m-sW¶v Ihn Nn´n-¡p-¶p.Xm³ shdpsamcp I¸-\tbm AtXm ImgvN-bn-Ãm-bvatbm F¶v Ihn i¦n-¡p-¶p.cm{Xn-bn F§p-\nt¶m Ahy-à-ambn Hgp-In-h-cp¶ kwKo-Xw. AXn a\-a-enªv \n¡pt¼mÄ BIm-is¯ Xmc-IÄ Xmgv¶vh¶v Npw_n-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶p. ambn-Iamb Hcp temI-¯n ab-§n-t¸mb Ihn Hcp ImÂs¸-cp-amäw tI«p-W-cp-¶p. BcpsSbpw a\-Ên-f-¡m³ t]m¶ A]vk-c-Êp-I-sf-t¸m-semcp kpµcn Ihn-bv¡-cn-InÂ, "sIm©p¶p N©-eÂt¨-e-¯-e-¸p-aþ sN©p-p-am-teme \oe t\{X-§fpw' \K-c-¯n-c-¡p-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ\n¶pw F§ns\ C§s\sbmcp ambnIkuµ-cy-[m-asa¶v Ihn BÝ-cy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ah-fnÂ\n¶pw kpµ-c-amb Hcp ]m«pw DbÀ¶p-h-¶p. "a®nse k¦-ev]-ku-`m-Ky-sam-s¡bpw Xp¶n-sb-Sp-¯-Xm-sWsâ hkv{Xw

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School of Distance Education

H¶n§p t\m¡tW \n§,-f-Ãm-bvIn-enþ s¶´n¶p Rm\n-X-Wn-ªp-h¶p ....?' \o-bp-K-§-fmbn X¯n-¡-fn-¡p¶ ]q¦n-\m-hp-I-fmWv Ah-fpsS \o \oe-I-®pI-fn Duªm-em-Sp-¶-Xv. Ah-fpsS Npnse {]Im-i-amWv Hmtcm {]`m-X-¯nepw s]m³In-c-W-§-fmbn DbÀ¶p-h-cp-¶-sX¶pw Ihnbv¡v tXm¶p-¶p. B kuµ-cy-[mas¯ amtdm-S-W¡m³ Ihn sh¼p-¶p. Xsâ sh¼-ens\ Ihn \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv, "AÆsb I-t¸m-fm-Zy-a-\p-jy¶p AÆ-®-apsÅm-cm-th-i-an-Ãtbm imkv{X-sa-{Xbv¡p ]ptcm-K-an-¨m-epao hmkvX-h-sa¶pw ad-¡p-hm-s\m-¡ptam' F¶n-§s\ BZna ]ucm-WnI ]nXr-_nw-_-§-fmb BZ-an-s\bpw lÆ-sbbpw B[p-\n-I-\m-K-cnI ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-bn-W-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. imkv{X-sa{X ]ptcm-K-an-¨mepw a\p-jy{]-IrXw amdp-I-bn-sÃ-¶p-d¨v Ah-tfm-S-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ Ihn tI«-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv, "BSmw Rm³ \mW-b-]-{X-a-Sp-¡n-shþ ¨mI{a-am-samcp thZn-XoÀ¯mÂ' H¶pw a\-Ên-em-hmsX hopw Ahsf ]pW-cm-\mª Ihn-tbmSv s]m«n-¨n-cn-¨p-sIm-hÄ ]dbp¶p "s]m«-\m-WtÃm `hm-\n-¶p-an-{X-ta sImÅp-In-sÃm-¶n\pw \n§-sf, bn¯cw s]mÅ-¯-c-§fm Xr]vXn-s¸-Snà Rm³'

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School of Distance Education

IhnbpsS kvt\l-{]-I-S-\-§-fà ]W-amWv AhÄ¡m-hiyw F¶p-amWv Ah-fÀ°am-¡n-b-Xv.

]W-¯n-\p-thn kz´w icocw hn¡m-s\m-cp-§n-bn-d-§n-b-h-fm-bn-

cp¶p AhÄ. AXn-\mÂXs¶ Ihn-bnÂ\n¶pw X\n-¡m-h-iy-ap-ÅXv In«n-söp t_m²y-am-b-tXmsS AhÄ AI-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Imän-e-en-bp¶ Hcp ]pI-¨p-cpÄt]mse-bmWv Ah-fpsS A{]-Xy-£-am-I Ihnbv¡p tXm¶n-b-Xv.

\njvI-f¦

kuµcysa¶p Ihn Icp-Xn-bXv \K-c¯nsâ t`mKm-ß-I-X-bpsS \oe-¡-®p-I-fm-bncp-¶p-sh¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.

It¼m-f-hÂIrX kmwkvIm-cn-I-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn

hcp¶p CXnse kv{Xo. Ihn AXn-\p-ap-¶nse B[p-\nI a\p-jysâ \nÊ-lm-b-XbpsS {]Xo-I-hpw. Øe-Im-e-t_m[w hos-Sp¯ Ihn X\n-¡p-t]m-Im-\pÅ _Êph-¶n-ÃtÃm Ft¶mÀ¯v Npäpw It®m-Sn-¨-t¸m-gmWv Hcp t_mÀUv {i²bnÂs¸-«-Xv. "]mSnà t]mIp-hm³ hn-I-f-¸pdw ]mZ-N-c³amÀ¡p am{X-amWo hgn' F¶m-bn-cp¶p AXnÂ. CXp-hsc Xm³ _Êp-t]m-Im¯ hgn-bn-emWv Im¯p-\n-¶ncp-¶-sX¶p a\-Ên-em-¡p¶ Ihn icn¡pw B[p-\nI a\p-jysâ {]Xo-I-am-hp-¶p. B[p-\nI kpJ-t`m-K-§-fn A`n-c-an-¡p¶ a\p-jy³ ]e-t¸mgpw Pohn-X-¯nsâ bYmÀ°-hgn ad-¶p-t]m-hp-Ibpw e£yw-sXän \ncm-i-bpsS ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn ]Xn-¡pIbpw sNbvtX¡mw F¶ kqN-\-bm-Wn-hn-sS. BZ-an-s\bpw lÆ-sbbpw sImph-¶p-sImv B[p-\nI \mK-cn-I-Po-hn-X-t¯mSv {]Ir-Xn-tNm-Z-\sb AYhm am\p-jnI-Xsb tNÀ¯p-sh-bv¡p-¶p. C§s\ cv hncp-²-Zz-µz-§sf tNÀ¯p-sh-bv¡p-¶Xn-eqsS {]Xo-Im-ß-I-amb AÀ°-Iev]\ Ihn-Xbv¡v h¶p-tN-cp-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, \mK-cn-I-k-¦-ev]-§-tfmSv CSªp \n¡p-Ibpw kz´w hgn tXSp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ B[p-\nI a\p-jys\ Ihn-X-bn ImWmw.

2. ImsS-hnsS a¡sf?

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School of Distance Education

A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À 1930 sk]vXw-_À 12-þ\v Imhm-e¯v P\n-¨p. Imhy-k-¦-ev]-¯n ]pXnb am\-§Ä Is-¯nb {]ikvX Ihn. kaqlw [cn-¡p¶ s]mbvap-J-§sf ]n¨n-No-´m-\pÅ HuÕpIyw A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡ À¡p-v. D¯a _nw_-§Ä Xnc-sªSp-¡p-¶-Xn kaÀ°-\mWv Cu Ihn. hyàn tNX-\-bpsS Zo]vXnsb DZm-c-h-Xv¡cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ Ihn kmaq-lnI s]m§-¨-§-fpsS t\À¡v Bt£-]-lm-ky¯nsâ Iqc-¼p-IÄ Ab-bv¡p-¶p. "A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡-cpsS IrXn-IÄ, tKm{X-bm-\w, Ipcp-t£-{Xw, samgnbpw hgnbpw XpS-§n-bh {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. B[p-\n-IX-bpsS {]ap-J-h-àm-hmbn cwK-¯p-h¶v D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bnepw A`n-can¨ Ihn-bm-bn-cp¶p A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À. B[p-\n-IX-bn kmaq-ln-I-X-bnÂ\n¶pw aqey-§-fnÂ\n-¶p-sams¡ ]pdw-Xn-cnªv \ntj-[-§-fn-te¡pw hncp-t²m-à-I-fnte¡pw kzbw-hn-aÀi-\-§-fn-te¡pw k©-cn-¡p¶ Ihnsb ImWmw. arXyp-]q-Pbpw aÀ¯y-]q-Pbpw Ipcp-t£-{Xhpw IpXn-c-s¡m-¼p-saÃmw Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä am{Xw. ""I®m-ip-]-{Xn-bpsS ]ÀWm{i-a-¯n-semcp IWz³ IS-¦Y ]dªp'' F¶pw ""aµ-Km-an\n tla-´-bm-an\n L\-iyma cq]nWn hcq \o'' F¶p-sam-s¡-bpÅ hcn-IÄ Cu at\m-`m-h-¯nsâ _m¡n-]-{X-§-fm-Wv. F¶m B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-X-bn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ZmÀi-\nI \mSy-§fpw `mjm

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School of Distance Education

IkÀ¯p-I-fp-saÃmw Dt]-£n¨v kaq-lm-`n-ap-J-ambn kwh-Zn-¡m³ XpS-§p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. lhm-\, ImsS-hnsS a¡-sf XpS-§nb Ihn-X-IÄ A¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-Wv. D¯-cm-[p-\nI kmln-Xy-¯n-eqsS DbÀ¶p-h¶ {]Ir-Xn-þ-kv{Xo-þ-Z-enXv hntamN-\-k-¦-ev]-§Ä Ihnbnepw amä-§Ä hcp-¯n-b-Xmbn ImWmw. Nqj-W-hn-cp-²hpw D]-t`mKkwkvIm-c-¯n-s\-Xn-cp-amb Hcp ]mcn-Øn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w H«p-an¡ D¯-cm[p-\nI Ihn-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-¨p. A¯-c-samcp Ah-t_m-[-¯nÂ\n-¶mWv "ImsShnsS a¡sf?'F¶ Ihn-X-bpsS cN\ F¶p-Im-Wmw. BtKm-f-ambn {]Ir-Xnbv¡p t\cn-«p-sIm-n-cp¶ hn\m-i-§fpw Bbn-Sbv¡v tIc-f-¯n Ne-\-§Ä krjvSn¨ sskeâvhmen {]t£m-`-hp-sams¡ Cu Ihn-X-bsS ]nd-hnbv¡v Imc-W-am-bn-cn-¡mw. ae-b-mf-¯nÂ[mcmfw ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-hn-X-IÄ Dm-bn-«p-v.

1950-þ-I-fnÂ

Dmb CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS "Ipän-¸pdw ]mew' F¶ Ihn-X-bmWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-hn-X-bmbn KWn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A¶v ]cn-Øn-Xnsb kw_-Ôn¨ Hcmi¦ am{X-amWv CS-tÈcn ]¦p-sh-¨-sX-¦n ]n¶oSv ]cn-Øn-Xn-t¡ä Zpc-´s¯ apJm-apJw Iv Ihn-IÄ Fgp-Xp-hm³ XpS-§n. H.-F³.-hn.-bpsS `qan-bvs¡mcp Nca-Ko-Xw, Zmln-¡p¶ a®v, \mep-a-Wn-¸q-¡Ä XpS-§n-b-hbpw IS-½-\n-«-bpsS Incm-Xhr-¯w, Iptª ape-¸m IpSn-bv¡-cpXv XpS§n Bäq-cnsâ sam«, sI.-Pn.-F-kv.-þsâ sIm¨n-bnse hr£-§Ä, kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS ac-¯n\p kvXpXn, sXwkv \Zn-tbm-Sv, BZn-hm-kn-km-£-cX XpS§n Ht«sd Ihn-X-IÄ \ap-¡p-Im-Wmw. D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbn-emWv {]Ir-Xnbpw AXnsâ kuµ-cym-ß-I-Xbpw Ihn-X-bn BsI-¡q-Sn-bpÅ Hc-h-t_m-[-ambn Ihn-IÄ sImp-\-S-¡m³ XpS-§n-b-Xv. {]IrXn hos-Sp-¡m-hm\m¯ Hcp \jvS-ambn Ihn-IÄ ImWm³ XpS-§p-¶p.

ImsS-hnsS a¡sf F¶

IhnX A¯-c-¯n-sem-¶m-Wv. "ImsS-hnsS a¡sf? tasS-hnsS a¡sf?

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

12

School of Distance Education

Im«p-]p¯-In-Sn-bpsS thsc-hnsS a¡sf?' F¶ tNmZy-§-fn-eqsS Ihn-X-bm-cw-`n-¡p-¶p.

{]Ir-Xnbv¡pw {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn-

W§nt¨À¶n-cp¶ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n\pw h¶p-s]« Zpc-´s¯ Ihn FSp-¯p-ImWn-¡p-¶p.

D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw Nh-¨p-Xp-¸nb Nn-bmbn amdn-b, a®nepw a\-

Ênepw amen\yw IeÀ¶ Duj-c-amb {]Ir-Xn-þ-a-\p-jy-Nn-{X-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-s¡mmWv Ihn tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv.

B[p-\nI D]-t`m-Kk - -aqlw AXnsâ

A´-an-Ãm¯ BÀ¯n-XoÀ¡m³ NqjWw sNbvXv \in-¸n¨ {]Ir-Xn-bn DÀÆ-camb H¶pw-Xs¶ Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶n-Ã. CÃm-bva-Isf F®n-sb®n Ihn- tNm-Zy-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. "Ip«-\m-S³ ]p© sbhn-sSsâ a¡sf? ]¨-¸-\-´¯ ]mdn-¡-fn-¡p¶ ¹mhp-IÄ amhp-Ifp sahn-sS-sâ a¡tf?' F¶n-§s\ tNmZy-§Ä XpSÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Irjnbpw Irjn-`q-anbpw ImÀjn-Im-Sn¯-d-bp-m-bn-cp¶ Pohn-X-hr-¯n-bp-saÃmw A\y-am-bn. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS a[p-c-§fpw temehpw IpfnÀ½-bp-Å-Xp-amb FÃmw XpS-¨p-\o-¡-s¸-«p. {]Ir-XnbpsS \·-IÄ A{]Xy£y-am-b-tXm-sSm¸w a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ\n¶pw ]eXpw A{]-Xy-£-ambn Ir{Xn-a-tam-Sn-Ifpw \mSy-§fpw Im]-Sy-§fpw amb-§fpw ]I-cw-h-¶p.

ip²-am-b-

XnÂ\n¶pw X\n-a-bnÂ\n¶pw ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶pw FÃma-I-¶v Ir{Xn-a-Xz-¯n\pw ]pdw-tam-Snbv¡pw ]pXp-abv¡pw ]pdtI ]mbp-I-bmWv a\p-jyÀ. X\nbv¡v Iogvs¸Sp-¯m-hp-¶-sXÃmw Iogvs¸-Sp¯n Ccbpw th«-¡m-c\pw F¶ \ne-bn-te¡v amdn-t¸m-

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

13

School of Distance Education

bn-cn-¡p-¶p. \mSv-þ-\-K-c-hy-Xym-k-an-ÃmsX hnjw ]SÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

CXnÂ\n-s¶m-

s¡-bpÅ Hcp tamN-\-amWv Ihn kz]v\w ImWp-¶-Xv. a\p-jyÀ ]c-kv]cw Xe-sh«m-¯, IpSÂam-e-Io-dm-¯, IpSn-e-X-I-fn-Ãm¯ Akq-bbpw Ipip-Ip-ip¸pw IqtSm-{Xhp-an-Ãm-¯, Ic-fp-IÄI-c-bm-¯, I®p-\o-cp-d-bm¯ Hcp temIw Ihn k¦-ev]n-¡p¶p. FÃm a\p-jycpw Hcp-t]mse am\n-¡ -s¸-Sp¶ Hcp-an-t¨m-W-appW-tc B \mSv FhnsS? AXns\ Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m-\mWv Ihn ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-tbmSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶-Xv.

3. im´ IS-½-\n« cma-Ir-jvW³ B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn {ZmhnUX\n-a-bpsS DuÀÖw \nd¨ IhnbmWv IS-½-\n« cma-Ir-jvW³. 1935 amÀ¨v 22-þ\v ]¯-\w-Xn« PnÃ-bnse IS-½-\n-«-

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

14

School of Distance Education

bn P\n¨ Ihn Xsâ-Xmb Hcp Imhy-hgn cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n. Ihn-bpsS {Kma-amb IS½-\n-«-bnepw ]cn-k-c-¯p-sams¡ \S-¯n-h-¶n-cp¶ ]S-b-Wn-bpsS Xmf-hn-ti-j§fpw hmbv¯m-cn-bpsS CuW-§fpw hÀWy-hn-j-b-§-fpsS NSp-e-X-bp-saÃmw At±l¯nsâ Ihn-Xsb kzm[o-\n-¨n-cn-¡mw. AXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ A½-ssZ-h-cm-[m-\-bpsS, Imfo-k-¦-ev]-¯nsâ Hs¡ ]n¶n-epÅ cu{Z-kv{Xo-`m-h§ - Ä IS-½-\n-«-I-hn-Xbn XnanÀ¯m-Sp-¶Xv ImWmw. "Xe-tbm«n ame-N mÀ¯n Icn-\m-K-¡m-¸-Wnªv I®p-I-fn I\ InfÀ¶v \m¡p-\o«n GIn-dp-Im«n Akp-csâ Xe-b-cn-thmÄ' (Hcp ]m«v) F¶n§s\-bpÅ hÀ®-\-IÄ ImWw.

AXp-t]mse Xs¶ kv{Xoþ-]p-cpj cXn-

bpsS Xo{h-`m-h-§Ä ]I-cp¶ hcn-Ifpw ImWmw. "I¯pw Ima-sa-cn-¡p-s¶s¶ DW-cp-Wcq \o s]t® .............................................. F«p-I-c-§Ä hcn-sªs¶ \o sI«n-ap-d¡p Icn-¦mfo .......' (Im-«m-f³) F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ hcn-IÄap-X ISpw-Nm-b-§-fn-epÅ Xo£vW-hÀ®-\-I-Ähsc ImWmw. kv{Xosb A½-þ-tZ-hn-þ-Im-an\n F¶n-§s\ hyXykvX Xe-§-fn t\m¡n¡m-Wp¶ Ht«sd Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä ImWmw. Ah-sbm-s¡-Xs¶ X\n {Zmhn-U-a-«nepÅ

Xmf-s¡m-gp-t¸m-sSbpw

_nw_m-h-en-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-apÅ

]IÀ¶m-«-§-fmbn

amdp¶p. tKm{X-kvar-Xn-Itfmfw sNs¶-¯p¶ _nw_-§-fn-eqsS kv{Xosb Ah-X-cn¸n-¡p-¶Xpw ImWmw.

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

15

School of Distance Education

ktN-X-\-amb Hcp kv{Xo]p-cp-j-k-¦-ev]s¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ IhnX-bWv im´. AXv Hs«ms¡ Bß-\n-jvT-amb Hmcm-Jym-\-hp-am-Wv. C´y-bpsS cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-¯nse Gähpw Ccp Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, ASn-b-´n-cmhØIm-e-¯nsâ a[y-¯nÂ, 1976-þÂ BWv CsX-gp-Xp-¶-Xv. B Ime-t¯m-SpÅ Ihn-bpsS B´-cnI-{]-t£m-`-¯n-sâbpw

{]Xn-tcm-[-¯n-sâbpw

Ihn-X-bmbn

CXp-am-dp-¶p-v.

Xmfhpw Bem-]-\hpw sImv P\-§sf Cf-¡n-a-dn¨ Ihn-X-IÄ Fgp-Xnb IS-½\n« Xs¶-bmWv KZy-c-N-\-bpsS hcn-IÄ Xpd-¶n-«Xv F¶ {]tXy-I-Xbpw Cu IhnX-bv¡p-v.

]n¡m-e¯v ]3-[m\ Imhy-c-N-\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-ambn amdnb KZy-c-N-\-

bpsS BZy-cq-]-§Ä Chn-sS-¡m-Wmw. \K-c-¯n-c-¡p-IÄ¡n-Sb - nÂ\n¶v Xsâ {Kma¯n-te¡v Xncn-¨p-h-cm³ sh¼p¶ Hcp ]pcp-jsâ Nn´-bn-eqsS Ihn-X-bm-cw-`n-¡p¶p. Xsâ adp-]m-Xn-bmb im´bpsS t{]a-em-f-\-I-tf¡m³ Dg-dp¶ Hcp ]pcp-j\m-Wn-Xnse BJym-Xm-hv.

imt´, Ipfn-I-gn-ªo-d³ ]IÀ¶p hmÀIq-´Â tImXn-h-Iªp ]pd-tIm-«p-hm-cn-bn-«mþ hf-¡-¿p-IÄ sasÃ-bn-f¡n .......................................

\nsâ Icmw-Kpeo kv]Ài-a-Wn-I-fm Fsâ s\©msI-bp-gn-ªp-Åp-WÀ¯pI F¶m-cw-`n-¡p¶ IhnX ]n¶oSv Pohn-Xbm-YmÀ°y-§-fpsS Xo£vWm-\p-`-h-§sfbm-hn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. apt¶-dp-¶p. ]pI-tb-äv Ie-§nb I®p-Ifpw ]mdn-¸-d-¡p¶ apSnbpw Icn-]-änb apJhpw sNfnbpw hnbÀ¸pw \ndª ico-chpw Iodn-bXpw hnbÀ¸nsâ Id]pc--Xp-amb hkv{X-hp-ambn \n¡p¶ im´-sb-bmWv bYmÀ°¯n ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. F¶m At¸mgpw AbmÄ Imev]-\n-I-\m-hm³ {ian¡p-¶p.

FÃm ad-¡ m-sa¶pw AÂ]w am{X-I-sf-¦nepw X§Ä¡v kz´-am-¡m-

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

16

School of Distance Education

sa¶pw im´-tbm-sSm¸w sNdp-ap-ä-¯n-cp¶v BIm-i-¯nsâ `wKn-IÄ Bkz-Zn-¡msa¶pw AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶p. k¦-ev]-§-sf-sbÃmw hngp-§n-¡-f-bp¶ ]cp-¡³ bmYmÀ°y-§Ä DbÀ¶ph-¶p. IpSn-¡ m\pw Ipfn-¡m\pw shÅ-an-Ã.shÅ-an-Ãm-¯-Xp-sImv Ip«n-Isf Ipfn¸n-¨n-Ã. AhÀ NqSn XfÀ¶p ab-§p-¶p.Rc-§p-Ibpw tam§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hcĨ _m[n¨v Icn-ªp-W-§nb \m«p-am-hnsâ Nph-«n-eqsS AbmÄ Ipªp-§-sf¸-än-bpÅ BIp-e-amb a\-Êp-abn t]mIp-t¼mÄ ]mÙm \o Fhn-sS-t¸m-Ip¶p? F¶v amhv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. H¶p hn{i-an-¡m³ Im¡-¡m-ensâ XW-ep-t]m-ep-an-Ãm¯ ZpÀhn-[n-bn-te¡v \o F´n\p t]mIp¶p F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v Ihn-bpsS D¯cw {]Xo£-\nÀ`-c-am-Wv.

GXv ZpÀhn-[n-bpsS acp`qanbnepw \ocp-d-h-t]mse Xsâ im´

Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-v. Fsâ Im s]cp-amäw tIÄ¡m³ ImXpw IqÀ¸n¨v F¶mWv Ihn ]d-bp-¶-Xv. hcĨ-bpsS Zpc-´-Nn-{X-§-fmWv Ihn Fhn-sSbpw ImWp-¶-Xv.

"X\n¡v shÅw In«m-¯-Xn-\p-Im-cWw aä-h-\m-sW¶p [cn-¡p-¶-hÀ No¯-]-d-ªXp sXm häp-t¼mÄ Npabv¡pw Npa-¨p-sImv No¯ ]dbpw F¶n-§s\ shÅw In«m¯ a\p-jy-cpsS ssZ\ys¯ hc-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. {]Ir-Xn-bnepw ssZ\y-X-bpsS Nn{X-§ÄXs¶. At¸mgpw AbmÄ {]Xo-£-tbmsS im´sb £Wn¡pIbmWv. ]c-kv]cw Cgp-In-t¨À¶p-cpIn Pzen-¨p-bÀ¶v taL-\mZ-ambpw hÀ-j-ambpw amdn a®nsâ tcma-Iq-]-§-fn-te¡v DuÀ¶n-d-§m-\mWv AbmÄ im´sb £Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. im´ Abm-fpsS a\-Ên {]Ir-Xn-bmbpw amXr-tZ-h-Xmcq-]-ambpw Iman-\n-bmbpw hcp-¶p. F¶m bmYmÀ°yw At§-b-äs¯ Zpc-´Nn-{X-§-fmbn AbmÄ¡p-ap-¶n hcp-¶p.

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

AXn-\n-S-bnepw ]qÀÆ-kvar-Xn-bn-eqsS

17

School of Distance Education

]pXnb kz]v\-§Ä¡v \ndw sImSp-¡p-I-bm-W-bmÄ. B \nan-j§ - -fn-te¡v XncnsI hcm³ im´-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.Xsâ Akz-Ø-amb \K-c-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ\n¶pw Hcp \nanjw tamjvSn-s¨-Sp¯v im´-bpsS ASp-¯n-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw Ah-sf-´m-Wn-§s\ \nÀÆn-Im-c-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶mW-bm-fpsS tNmZyw.]n¶oSv A\m-Yam-¡-s¸« P\§-fpsS Nn{X-§Ä ImWp-¶p. FÃm ssZ\y-X-Ifpw CÃm-Xm-¡m³ IS-½-\n-«-¡mhpXop¶ tZhn-bmbn im´ amdp-¶-X-bmÄ k¦Â¸n-¡p-¶p.

ASn-bm-f-tam-N-\-

¯nsâ Iml-f-[z-\n-bn IhnX Ah-km-\n-¡ p-¶p.

\ho\ ae-bmf IhnX

18

School of Distance Education

samUyqÄ 2 cmjv{So-b-h¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ B[p-\n-IX

B[p\n-I-X-bpsS Xo{h-L-«-ambn 1970-I-fn-epÅ ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS BhnjvIm-c-§Ä AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1975-þ {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸« ASn-b-´n-cmhØ G¸n¨ BLm-X-§-fpsS hnt£m-`-I-c-§-fmb Bhn-jvIm-c§ - Ä [mcmfw Dm-bn. IqSm-sX, amÀIvkn-Ì v-þ-I-½yq-Wn-Ìv-þ-am-thm-bnÌv...