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EXP: 01 Date:

LVDT CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To study the characteristics of LVDT

APPARATUS: 1. LVDT 2. Resistors 4.7KΩ

-

3

3. 10KΩ POT

-

1

4. DMM 5. Signal generator COLOUR CODE:

Primary: Red and Green / Shield Secondary: Yellow, Black and green CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Internally set the core of an LVDT at center position and observe the residual voltage of null position. 3. Minimize the residual voltage with external balance circuit. 4. Change the core displacement 1mm in one direction and observe the output voltage in digital multimeter. 5. Repeat the step 4 until the displacement is 10mm, and observe the corresponding output voltage for various displacements in steps of 0.5mm etc. 6. Now it is moved towards other direction and repeat step 5. 7. Draw the graph for displacement Vs output voltage. TABULAR FORM: Displacement(mm)

MODEL GRAPH: Output voltage (mv) Right

Left

RESULT: LVDT characteristics are observed and studied.

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the principle of LVDT? 2. What is the residual voltage? 3. What are causes for residual voltage? 4. What is reason for connecting secondaries of LVDT in series opposition? 5. What are materials used for core of the LVDT? 6. What are the advantages with differential o/p of LVDT? 7. What is the range of primary excitation voltage of LVDT? 8. What is the range of frequency which is applied to primary of LVDT? 9. What are advantages of LVDT? 10. What are disadvantages of LVDT? 11. What are the applications of LVDT? 12. What are the different types of transducers used for displacement measurement 13. What is the difference between variable resistance & variable inductance displacement transducer 14. Explain about synchros & resolvers 15. Explain about LVDT basic construction and connection of secondary winding 16. List few advantages of the LVDT type of displacement sensors 17. Define the term residual voltage 18. Define the characteristics of LVDT 19. What is input voltage applied for the LVDT 20. How can you measure the angular displacement

***

Exp: 02 Date:

DC MOTOR MEASUREMENT AIM: To measure the speed of a motor. APPARATUS: 1. Regulated power supply (0-30) V 2. DC motor 3. Non contact type tachometer 4. Contact type tacho meter BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the input of motor to the power supply. 2. Vary the input voltage of motor from 10V to 20V in steps of 1 V 3. Measure the speed of motor by using non-contact & contact type tachometers for input voltages of motor given step 2 4. Tabulate the readings of two tacho meters readings & plot a graph voltage versus speed of the motor TABULAR FORM:

S.No

Input voltage volts (V)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

10 Volts 11 Volts 12 Volts 13 Volts 14 Volts 15 Volts 16 Volts 17 Volts 18 Volts 19 Volts 20 Volts

Non contact type tachometer (rpm)

Contact type tachometer (rpm)

RESULT: Signal, which can be used for analog indication or pulses, which can be digitally counted in terms of resolutions in unit time.

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Define the term speed 2. What do you mean by linear speed 3. What do you mean by angular speed 4. List out the various methods used for measurement of speed 5. What are the different types of tachometers? 6. What is the principle of mechanical tachometer 7. Tell about revolution counter 8. What is meant by tachoscope 9. What is a principle of operation of hand speed indicator 10. What are the advantages with slipping clutch tachometer 11. What is principle of centrifugal force tachometer 12. What is a principle of operation of vibrating reed tachometer 13. Classify electrical tachometer 14. Explain the construction of Drage cup tachometer 15. What is the principle of commutated capacitor tachometer 16. What are the parts of commutated capacitor tachometer 17. What are the principle of DC tachometer 18. Differentiate DC tachometer & AC tachometer 19. What are the draw backs of contact type tachometer 20. List out contact less electrical tachometer

***

Exp: 03 Date:

STRAIN MEASUREMENT AIM: To measure strain using strain gauge set up APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Strain gauge set up DMM DC power supply Resistor-120Ω

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram 2. Measure the output voltage. Note down reading in tabular column 3. Theoretically, ei eo = --------------X Rg Rb+Rg 4. Apply strain to be measured on strain gauge so that resistance of strain gauges changes. It causes change in the output voltage & measure it 5. Theoretically calculate, Rb.Rg deo = ei --------------------x F x E (Rb+Rg)2 where F = gauge factor = 2 6. Calculate the unknown strain using the formula deo (Rb+Rg)2 =---------------------ei Rb Rg F

TABULAR COLUMN: S.NO

THEORITICALLY eo

PRACTICALLY eo

THEORITICALLY deo

Model Graph:

RESULT: Strain is measured by using strain gauge set up

PRACTICALLY deo

STRAIN

VIVA QUESTIONS 1. What is a strain gauge 2. Define transducer 3. Classify the transducers 4. What is active transducer 5. What is passive transducer 6. What is the principle of resistive transducer 7. Define the term strain 8. What is the importance of strain measurement 9. What is the working principle of strain gauge 10. Define the term gauge factor of a strain gauge 11. Give the mathematical expression for gauge factor of strain gauge 12. What is meant by Poisson’s ratio 13. What are the different types of strain gauges 14. What do you meant by bounded strain gauge 15. What are the limitations of unbounded strain gauge 16. Explain the principle of foil type strain gauge 17. What are the desirable characteristics of grid material 18. What are the different materials used for strain gauge 19. What are the different circuits used in strain measurement 20. What is a role of dummy gauge in bridge circuit

***

EXP:04 DATE: LOAD CELL CHARACTERISTICS AIM:TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A LOAD CELL APPARATUS: 1.ITB-04-CE Trainer kit 2.Multimeter 3.Load cell sensor with setup 4.Weights(5kg) 5.Power chord TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: CANTILIVER BEAM: Material

:Stainless steel

Type

:Compression,Tension and universal

Strain guage

:Wire wound resistance

Capacity

: 5kg

Guage factor

: 1.9 to 2.3

Bridge resistance

:350Ω±1Ω

Safety over load

:100% of rated capacity

Max.Over load

:200% of rated capacity

Operating temperature

:100 C-550 C

Accuracy

:0.2% of full scale division

Linearity

:0.2% of full scale division

Connection

:Four core shielded cable

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1.Istall the load cell sensor and interface the 9thpin of D connector with ITB-04-CE kit. 2.Connect the multimeter in mv mode across T2 and T3 for bridge voltage measurement. 3.Switch ON the module. 4.Initially unloaded the beam and nullify the bridge voltage by using Zero adjustment pot. 5.Now apply the load to the beam, force will develop on the beam and measure the bridge voltage (mv) across T2 and T3. 6.Gradually increase the load on the beam, note down the applied load and bridge voltage(mv). 7.Tabulate the values of applied load and bridge voltage(mv). 8.Plot the graph between applied load Vs bridge voltage(mv). 9.Connect the multimeter in volts mode across T5 and GND for the output voltage measurement. 10.Initially unload the beam and nullify the display by using Zero adjustment POT.

11.Aplly the minimum load of 5kg to the beam and adjust the display to 5kg by using gain adjustment POT. 12.Now apply the load to the beam, a force will be develope on the beam and measure the output voltage (V) across T5 and GND. 13.Generally increase the load and note down the output voltage(V) and applied load. 14.Tabulate the values of displayed load, applied load and output voltage(V). 15.Plote the graph between applied load and output voltage(V).

TABULAR COLUMN 1:

S.NO

APPLIED LOAD In kg

BRIDGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE In volts

TABULAR COLUMN 2:

S.NO

Applied load (kg)

Output voltage in volts

MODEL GRAPH: 1.Applied load Vs Bridge voltage

Displayed load(kg)

%Error

2. ACTUAL LOAD Vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE

3. ACTUAL LOAD Vs %ERROR

FORMULA TO BE USED: % of Error=Applied load – Displayed load ___________________________

Applied load

RESULT:

X 100

VIVA QUESETIONS:

1. What are the different methods to measure force? 2. what is the principle of elastic force meters? 3. What are the desirable properties of the materials used for constructing elastic force meters? 4. What are the different types of load cells? 5. What is the principle of Proven Ring? 6. Explain about mechanical Load cells? 7. What is the principle of hydraulic load cells? 8. What is the function of Flapper Nozzle in Pneumatic load ceel? 9. what are the features of strain gauge load cell? 10. Explain the working of strain gauge load cell? 11. How temperature compensation is provided in strain gauge load cells? 12.What are the advantages of semi conductor strain gauge? 13. What are the limitations of strain gauge load cell? 14. What is the principle of pressductor load cell? 15. What are the advantages of bonded strain gauge? 16. Explain the surface preparation techniques for mounting of straingauges? 17.What are the application of load cells? 18. Explain the principle of column type load cell? 19. What are the advantages of full bridge configuration in strain gauge signal conditioning circuits? 20.How load cell is calibrated?

***

Exp: 5 Date:

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING RTD AIM: To measure the temperature using RTD.

APPARATUS: 1. PT 100 RTD 2. Mercury thermometer 3. Multimeter 4. Water bath 5. Heating element

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Heat the water bath by using heating element and measure the resistance change in the RTD for every 5ºC raise in temperature, until the temperature raises to 95ºC. 3. Slowly cool down the water and measure the resistance of RTD for every 5ºC fall of temperature. 4. Calculate the error. 5. Plot the graph of resistance Vs temperature and error Vs temperature. CALCULATIONS: Sensitivity = ∆R indicated/∆T Actual TABULAR FORM: Actual temperature(ºC)

Resistance (Ω) Raising(Rr)

Error

Falling (Rf)

Rr-Rf(Ω)

MODEL GRAPH: Resistance Vs Temperature:

Error Vs Temperature:

RESULT: Temperature is measured using RTD, Sensitivity = ----------------------

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Name different types of transducers for the measurement of temperature? 2. What is principle of RTD? 3. The temperature range that can be measured by using RTD is 4. What are materials used for RTD? 5. State the reasons for selecting platinum as RTD material? 6. What are the properties of material that can be used for RTD? 7. What is meant by positive temperature coefficient of resistance of RTD? 8. What is equation for converting Fahrenheit into Celsius? 9. One RTD is named as PT-100. What it means? 10. What are the methods to calibrate RTD? 11..Why temperature is important parameter in process Industries 12.Why RTD is less sensitive than thermistor 13.What are advantages of RTD? 14.What are the applications of RTD? 15.Why RTD needs lead wire compensation? 16.What is meant by 2 wire configuration 17.How do use RTD for measuring average temperature 18.What meant by 3 wire compensation 19.What are the advantages with 3 wire compensation 20.What meant by positive temperature coefficient of temperature

EXP:06 DATE: TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMO COUPLE Aim: To measure the temperature using the thermo couple Apparatus: 1. Physitech make measurement of the temperature using thermo couple 2. Thermo couple. Circuit Diagram:

Procedure: 1. Connect the power chord to 230V AC mains & the switch ON the supply. 2. Connect the thermocouple probe as mentioned on trainer kit 3. Adjust the initial reading on display to read room temperature i.e. ,27oc by varying zero adjustment potentiometer provided on the band. 4. Now place the thermocouple probe in a oven to read the temperature 5.Notice the rise temperature reading as the oven get heated. 6. you can compare the readings with any other standard temperature.

7.Take the reading & plot the graph emf Vs the temperature Result: The temperature is measured by using thermocouple & graph is plotted for Thermo meter Vs Thermocouple reading. TABULAR FORM:

S.No

Increasing temperature o

Thermometer reading( c) Thermocouple reading(mm)

RESULT:

VIVA QUESETIONS:

1. What is the principle of thermocouple? 2. List some temperature measurement techniques for temperature greater than 10000c? 3. Briefly explain about thermocouples? 4. List and explain about three laws of thermocouples? 5. What are the common materials used for thermocouples? 6. What is a thermocouple? 7. How can you measure the temperature in boilers? 8. What are the errors in temperature measurement? 9. How thermocouple can be used to measure the differences between two temperatures? 10. What is meant by peltier effect? 11. What is meant by Thompson effect? 12. What is meant by cold junction compensation in thermocouple? 13. Why cold junction compensation is required in thermocouple? 14. What are the advantages of thermocouple? 15. What are the different types of thermocouple? 16. What are the materials used for k-type thermocouple? 17. What are the disadvantages of thermocouple? 18. Compare thermocouple and RTD? 19. How thermocouple can be used for average temperature measurement? 20. What are the desirable characteristics of thermocouple materials?

Exp: 7 Date:

CONTROL VALVE CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To measure the pressure variable using process station

APPARATUS: 1. Pressure station 2. Stop watch 3. 5V regulated power supply

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

V/I CONVERTER

I/P CONVERTER

CONTROL VALVE

AIR COMPRESSOR

PROCESS TANK

PRESSU RE GAUGE

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch of all the parameters, take the input pressure with the aid of compressor 2. Regulate the supply pressure to a constant value of 20 PSI 3. apply the input signal in the form of analog voltage signal as an input to the I –V converter 4. O/P of V/I take as an input to yhe I/P converter to drive the pneumetic control valve 5. record the pressure build in the chamber w.r.t to time

MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

TIME IN Sec PRESSURE IN

VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE

PRESSURE

TANK (PSI)

1.5V

2.5V

3.5V

INDICATED

1.

10

10

10

6

0.7 Kg/sq.cm

2.

20

20

19

18

1.2 Kg/sq.cm

3.

30

29

29

29

1.7 Kg/sq.cm

4.

40

41

41

41

2.2 Kg/sq.cm

5.

50

57

54

55

2.7 Kg/sq.cm

6.

60

67

68

67

3.1 Kg/sq.cm

7.

70

76

87

89

3.5 Kg/sq.cm

8.

80

86

120

130

3.7 Kg/sq.cm

SL.NO

CALIBRATION: 1. Calibration of V/I converter by using ammeter 0V - 4mA and 5V – 20mA 2. Maintain the pressure gauge NO-3 to 20Psi. 3. Maintain the pressure gauge NO-1 to 30Psi. 4. Calibration of pressure indicator by using min and max position

MODEL GRAPH:

2.5v 1.5v 3.5v

prsssure in Psi

TABULAR FORM: TIME IN Sec SL.NO

PRESSURE IN

VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE

PRESSURE

TANK (PSI)

1.5V

2.5V

3.5V

INDICATED

RESULT: Measurement & calibrations of pressurwe is done.

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.What are the units of pressure? 2.Define difference between atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure? 3.List few applications of pressure measurement? 4.What is the difference between gauge pressure and vacuum pressure? 5.Name two instruments used to measure low pressure? 6.How an elastic diaphragm gauge is used to measure pressure? 7.What is dynamic or impact pressure? 8.How a dead weights tester is used to calibrate pressure-measuring device? 9.Define bourdon tube pressure gauge? 10.Define bellows gauge, strain gauge used to measure pressure? 11.Define the maximum pressure you can measure in your experiment? 12.What is the relation between voltage and current in your experiment? 13.Explain the relation between current and pressure in your experiment? 14.What is the average time taken to fill the pressure in PSI for 25%, 50% of control value? 15.What is the technique used for pressure measurement in your experiment? 16.How can you reduce the error between actual and indicated measurement of pressure? 17.Explain how controlling i/p voltage can control pressure in your workstation? 18.How pressure is converted into electrical signals in your workstation? 19.What is the range of pressure applying for control value from I/P converter? 20.Finally analyze your results.

***

EXP:08 DATE:

MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE AIM: To measure the pressure variable using process station

APPARATUS: 4. Pressure station 5. Stop watch 6. 5V regulated power supply

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

V/I CONVERTER

I/P CONVERTER

CONTROL VALVE

AIR COMPRESSOR

PROCESS TANK

PRESSU RE GAUGE

PROCEDURE:

6. Switch of all the parameters, take the input pressure with the aid of compressor 7. Regulate the supply pressure to a constant value of 20 PSI 8. apply the input signal in the form of analog voltage signal as an input to the I –V converter 9. O/P of V/I take as an input to yhe I/P converter to drive the pneumetic control valve 10. record the pressure build in the chamber w.r.t to time

MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

TIME IN Sec PRESSURE IN

VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE

PRESSURE

TANK (PSI)

1.5V

2.5V

3.5V

INDICATED

1.

10

10

10

6

0.7 Kg/sq.cm

2.

20

20

19

18

1.2 Kg/sq.cm

3.

30

29

29

29

1.7 Kg/sq.cm

4.

40

41

41

41

2.2 Kg/sq.cm

5.

50

57

54

55

2.7 Kg/sq.cm

6.

60

67

68

67

3.1 Kg/sq.cm

7.

70
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