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Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020INFRA & ENERGYRenewable Energy Certificate (REC)Regulated by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)CERC is a statutory body under Electricity Act, 2003Regulates tariff of power generation companies under GoIMarket-based instrument to facilitate co...

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INFRA & ENERGY Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Regulated by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) CERC is a statutory body under Electricity Act, 2003 Regulates tariff of power generation companies under GoI Market-based instrument to facilitate compliance of RPO (Renewable Purchase Operation) 1 REC= 1MWh electricity generated from a renewable source Requires large power procurers (eg. Discoms) to source pre-determined fraction of their electricity from renewable sources ONLY Indian companies can purchase Traded on 2 exchanges Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) Power Exchange of India (PXIL) GST @ 12% on RECs => severely impacted REC market Central Electricity Authority Statutory body under Electricity Act, 2003 Advises govt on on policy matters & formulates plans for electricity dev Does NOT advise on tariff State Tariff - by State Electricity Regulatory Commission Tariff btw Center/ btwstates - by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission Indian Gas Exchange (IGX) First nationwide online delivery-based gas trading platform => trade in Spot Market + in Forward market both Non Govt, unlisted company wholly Owned by India Energy Exchange ONLY for Imported Gas Price of domestically produced gas is decided by govt => Not sold on gas exchange Imported LNG share > 50% of India's natural gas consumption RERA (Real Estate Regulatory Authority), 2016 Seeks to protect home buyers and boost investments in the real estate sector by bringing efficiency and transparency in the sale/purchase of real estate RERA in each state for regulation of real estate sector + act as adjudicating body for speedy dispute resolution Can have more than 1 RERA in each state/UT Central Advisory Council - discretionary power to Central govt to establish this council to advise and recommend central govt on growth of real estate rector Real Estate Advisory Council - orders of RERAs can be appealed in these tribunals National Infrastructure Investment Fund (NIIF) India's First Sovereign Wealth Fund Considered as an AIF under SEBI regulation Funds from Market borrowings (debt) Overseas soveriegn investors Invest in

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Infra projects (brownfield + greenfield) through both equity & debt NBFCs & FIs involved in infra financing Govt owns 49% 3 funds Master Fund - creating scalable sectoral platforms in core infra + collab with reputed partners Fund of Funds - anchoring and investing in credible and reputed 3rd party managers with a strong track record across sectors Strategic Fund - investing in strategic assets and projects with longer-term horizon India Investment Grid (IIG) Initiative of DPIIT, MoCI and Invest India Shows a menu of investment options across India on a single interactive platform National Infrastructure Pipeline project database will be hosted by IIG Invest India India's official agency dedicated to investment promotion and facilitation Not-for-profit single window facilitator for overseas investors & indian investors aspiring to invest in foreign locations Formed under DPITT Govt - 49% (DPIIT - 43.5% + 19 states - 5.5%). Rest divided between - CII, FICCI, NASSCOM => therefore, Invest India is a private body National Infrastructure Pipeline (2019-25) ₹102L cr over next 5 years =>both social and economic infra Task force setup to draw up NIP for each of the years => chaired by Secretary, Dept of Economic Affairs Funding - 39:39:22 (center, states, pvt sector)

Sectors - Energy(24%) > Road (19%) > Urban > Railways National Mineral Policy, 2019 Will replace NMP, 2008 Feautures Right of First refusal Encouraging private sector Grant status of industry to mining Dedicated mineral corridors => facilitate transportation of minerals

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Inter-Generational Equity Mineral Laws (amendment) Ordinance, 2020 Amended MMDR, 1957 & Coal Mines Act, 2015 => lifted end-use restrictions to end Captive mining regime (pvt companies could mine coal only for self use) Allows any India registered company to bid and develop coal blocks (earlier only limited to companies of iron and steel, power and coal washing sectors) COAL SECTOR India 3rd largest producer of coal + 3rd largest Importer 70% of India's energy needs Coal mining was nationalised in 1973, not anymore Now open auction and bidding 100% FDI under automatic route in coal mining and associated infra PRAKASH Portal Union govt recently launched PRAKASH (Power Rail Koyla Availability through Supply Harmony) portal Aims to bring better coordination for coal supplies among all stakeholders Ministry of Power, Ministry of Coal, Coal India, Railways,and power utilities Ensuring optimum utilisation and availability of coal at thermal power plants Developed by NTPC SHAKTI (Scheme to Harness and Allocate Koyla Transparently in India) Aims to auction long-term coal linkages to power companies and reduce dependence of DISCOMs on imported coal Sustainable Development Cell PRAAPTI Portal Payment Ratification and Analysis in power procurement for bringing Transparency in Invoincing of generators By MoPower - bring transparency in power purchase transactions btw Generators and Discoms Patent Prosecution Highway Programme PPH approved with Japan Patent Office (JPO) Indian Patent Office will work with JPO Reduce time to prop patents Reduce pendancy Improvement in quality of examination of patents MSMEs and startups in India => accelerated examination of their patent applications in Japan Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP), Telangana Multi-stage and multi-purpose life irrigation system => world's largest pumping system Godavari River and Pranhita (confluence of Wardha, Penganga, Wainganga) Will support Mission Kakatiya and Mission Bhagiratha => to provide drinking water Providing irrigation water, rejuvenating tanks and drinking water to Hyderabad and Secundarabad Will also supply drinking water to Vishakapatnam and Vizag steel plant Polavaram Irrigation Project, Andhra Pradesh Across Godavari River => Earth-cum-rockfill dam => links Godavari to Krishna Spread across 4 states - Andhra, Telangana, Orissa, CG

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Envisages transfer of Surplus of Godavari to Krishna

Ken-Betwa Interlinking Project First river interlinking project of India Aims to transfer surplus water from Ken in MP to Betwa in UP => irrigate drought prone Bundelkhand region Ken and Betwa => tributaries of Yamuna; originate in MP Ken passes through Panna Tiger Reserve

Indian Bridge Management System (IBMS) Inventory of all bridges in country MoRoadTransport&Highways Rates their structural condition for timely repair etc Each bridge assigned a unique identity number

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Data collected twice a year - preMonsoon and PostMonsoon period for 3 years Special Economic Zone (SEZ) SEZ Act, 2005 100% tax exemption on export income for first 5 years, 50% for next 5 years, 50% of ploughed back export profit for next 5 yrs Exemption from Central Sales Tax, State sales tax etc => now under GST, Supplies to SEZ are zero-rated under IGST Act, 2017 NO exemption from MAT and DDT Goods procured from SEZ by single-brand retailers owned by foreign companies, would qualify for meeting mandatory 30% local sourcing norms Approved by Union Govt (developer submits proposal to state govt => sends it to Board of Approval within 45 days) - chaired by Secretary, Dept of Commerce Allows individuals to set up SEZ in India Currently >230 SEZs in India => 65% in South India DTA (Domestic Tariff Area) - whole India excluding SEZ => movement of goods & services btw DTA & SEZ is treated as export/import IFSC (International Financial Service Centre) Deals with flows of finance, financial products and services across borders Provides world-class financial services to residents, NOT in domestic currency Set up under SEZ Act, 2005 India's first IFSC - GIFT City, Gujarat International Financial Services Centers Authority Act, 2019 Establishment of Authority to develop and regulate financial services market in International Financial Services Centres in India Will apply to all IFSCs setup under SEZ Act, 2005 International Financial Services Centres Authority - 9 members appointed by Central GovtRegulate financial products, services and institutions in an IFSC NIMZ (National Investment Manufacturing Zones) Important instrument of National Manufacturing Policy, 2011 NMP aims to increase share of mfg sector in GDP to 25% by 2025 & create 100mn jobs Nodal Agency for NIMZ -> DPIIT To increase share of mfg to 25% of country's GDP + creating 100mn jobs over the next decade Is declared by State Govt as self govt/autonomous body => as a Industrial Township under art 243Q(1) of the Consti These NIMZ are managed by a SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle) => will ensure master planning of zone, clearances etc So far 3 NIMZ have been finally approved Prakasam (Andhra) Sangareddy (Telangana) Kalinganagar (Orissa) 13 NIMZ have in-principle approval 8 investment regions along DMIC - also declared as NIMZ

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Renewable Energy Management Centers (REMCs) Under MoPower (NOT MoNRE) => 11 REMCs Equipped with AI based RE forecasting and scheduling tools and provide greater visualization and enhanced situational awareness to the grid operators POWERGRID - Maharatna CPSE is implementing agency Managed by POSOCO at national level and SDLCs at state level Rn, 55GW of renewable (solar and wind) is monitored through 11 REMCs Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) - NBFC under MoNRE => loans for renewable energy efficiency projects Green Energy Corridor Project Initiative to facilitate transfer of power from renewable energy rich areas to other parts of country Facilitate intra-state as well as inter-state transmission of power => integrating renewable energy with main grid Implemented by Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL) Neyvelli Lignite based Power plant, TN India's first Lignite based power plant 500 MW plant Not very clean environmentally Z-Morh Tunnel, J&K Between Sonamarg and Gagangir Completely in J&K Under construction 6.5km Zojila Tunnel => Between Ladakh UT and J&KUT Sonmarg to Drass in Kargil distt Under construction Asia's longest bi-directional tunnel when completed (13km)

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Rohtang Tunnel/ Atal Tunnel , HP World's longest (8.8km) above 10,000 ft tunnel Will connect Lahaul-Spiti to rest of country (kully Valley) in winters Built under Pir Panjal Range Chenani-Nashri Tunnel (Patnitop Tunnel), J&K Renamed after SP Mukherjee India's longest road tunnel => Links Kashmir valley with Jammu by all-weather route Ujh and Basantar Bridge, J&K Ujh and Basantar rivers => tributaries of Ravi To fastrack utilisation of India's rights under Indus Waters Treaty By BRO (under MoDefence) under Project Sampark, BRO (under MoDefence) Kasowal Bridge, Punjab BRO constructed on River Ravi To connect Kasowal enclave of Punjab to rest of country Diffo Bridge, Arunachal Pradesh 426m long prestressed concrete bridge Implemented by Projected Udayak, BRO Sisseri River Bridge, Arunachal Pradesh 200m long connecting Siang and Dibang valley Constructed under Project Brahmank, BRO Pasighat Airport - Arunachal Pradesh 4 BRO Projects in Arunachal => Trans Arunachal Highway Project Vartak Project Arunank Project Brahmank Project Udayak SIKKIM - Project Swastik (Bridge over Teesta) Imphal-Mandalay Connectivity Flight service btw Imphal (Manipur) and Mandalay (Myanmar) Rhi-Tiddim Road

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

India-Myanmar road connectivity through Mizoram => $60Mn

TUNNELS Chenani-Nadhri Tunnel (Patnitop Tunnel), J&K - India's longest road tunnel (9.28km) Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, J&K - longest railway tunnel (11km) Cherlopalli-Rapuru, Andhra Pradesh - India's longest electrified Railway tunnel => reduces travel time to Krishnapatnam Port Dholera Special Investment Region Greenfield city planned on DMIC First green city in the world In Gujarat -> gulf of Cambay

Kalpasar Project Proposed 30km dam across Gulf of Khambat => freshwater coastal reservoir

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Bhadbhut Project Near Bhadbhut village, Gujarat Barrage on Narmada to prevent excess water from flowing into Gulf of Khambat and form a "sweet water lake"

Protests by fishermen (might impact fish pattern) Char Dham Pilgrimage Project Connecting - Yamunotri, Gangotri, Badrinath and Kedarnath Widening and developing 900km NH Kohala HEP Project Joint project of China-Pakistan under CPEC On Jhelum river in PoK Diamer- Bhasha Dam On River Indus

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

By China-Pakistan in PoK Strategic Energy Reserves State-funded reserves of crude oil => to safeguard against exigencies IEA members maintain emergency oil reserves equivalent to atleast 90 days of net imports Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd = > an SPV constructs these reserves Wholly owned subsidiary of Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB) under MoPetroleum&NG India has enough capacity reserves for 10 days of oil needs 5MMT reserves => Vishakhapatnam, Mangalore, Padur (near Udupi, Karnataka) 2nd phase - 2 more at Chandikhole (Orissa) and Padur

National Gas Grid North East Gas Grid (NEGG) => by Indradhanush Gas Grid Ltd (IGGL) -> joint venture of 5 CPSEs (IOCL, ONGC, GAIL, OIL, NRL) CCEA approved VGF of 60% of cost for NEGG Pipelines authorized by Petroleum and Natural gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) Saksham Campaign Annual one-month long people-centric fuel conservation mega campaign of Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) - registered society set up under MoPetroleum&NG FASTag By MoRTH RFID tech => implementing electronic toll collection across national highways in India Valid for 5 years Presently operational in 180 toll plazas Uses a small electronic chip surrounded by antenna (not barcode or QR code) Uses Electronic Product Code (EPC) => every vehicle is uniquely identified National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI) -> ensures data security and IT infra with backend servers

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

Central Road Fund Non lapsable fund created under Central Road Fund Act, 2000 Controlled by MoFinance Funds obtained by - Cess imposed on diesel and petrol 2017 amendment => 2.5% of CRF sanctioned for inland waterways Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Under MoPower Central nodal agency to setup EV Charging infra Kamarajar Port, TN 20km north of Chennai => Kamarajar Port is the 12th major port of India Only corporatised major port => public company => 67% stake acquired by Chennai Port Trust Follows the Landlord Port Model => mix of public-private orientation Port Authority acts as regulatory body and landlord Pvt companies carry out port operations Other ports act under Trust Model SAGARMALA New Ports proposed Vadhavan, MH Belekeri, Karnataka Sirkazhi, TN Enayam, TN Paradip Outer harbour, Orissa Tajpur, WB Ports Entrepot Ports - collection centers where goods are brought from diff countries for export. Eg. Singapore, Rotterdam, Copenhagen Packet Station/Ferry Ports - transportation of passengers and mail across water bodies covering short distances => occur in pairs facing each other. Eg. BharuchBhavnagar roro, Dover-Calais in England Ports of Call - calling points on main sea routes where ships anchor for refuelling, watering, food etc Naval Ports - strategic importance, warship repair CITIIS (City Investments to Innovate, Integrate and Sustain) program By MoHUA + EU Implementing sustainable, integrated and innovative urban infra Financial assistance by grants and technical assistance RAILWAYS Railways Restructuring Unification of existing 8 Group A services into Indian Railway Management Service (IRMS) Reorganisation of Railway Board -> headed by Chairman + 4 members + some independent members Indian Railway Medical Service to be renamed as Indian Railway Health Service Bibek Debroy Committee, 2005 Privatisation

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

100% FDI allowed under automatic route in most areas => high speed trains, railways electrification, passenger terminals, mass rapid transport systems, railway infra etc FDI not allowed in Railway operations (safety concerns) Tejas Express => India's first 2 private trains: -Lucknow-Delhi; AhmedabadMumbai Operating Ratio of Railways Money spent by Railways to earn each rupee Lower ratio => healthier finances 2019-20 => railways expected to keep it at 95% But increased pension burden and slowing economy (low freight carrying of cement and coal) => 97.5% Railway infra modernisation (like electrification and signalling, ICT) => increase operational efficiency => decrease operation ratio

HELP, 2016 (Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing policy) New fiscal regime in exploration sector => to enable faster survey and coverage of available geograpahical area which has potential for oil and gas disocvery Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) => Provides uniform licenses for exploration and production of all forms of hydrocarbons Gives option to company to select exploration blocks on its own => without formal bid form govt Energy Intensity Measure of energy inefficiency of an economy => Units of energy (tonne of oil equivalent) per unit of GDP Energy intensity of India's GDP has gradually declined in recent past => increasing energy efficiency Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) Investment scheme like MFs that allow investment from individuals and institutional investors in infra projects to earn a portion of income as return Regulated by SEBI Averse to construction risk (for investor), as he doesn't have to build Under InvIT, highway projects will be bundled to form a SPV and offered to investors

Rishabh Kumar Rewar – AIR 104, CSE 2020 Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes and Strategy - https://t.me/jayantrishabh

SPV will be traded on stock exchange NHAI's InvIT will be trust estd under Indian Trust Act, 1882 and SEBI Regulations, 2014 Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) EPC+BOT Toll collections is responsibility of Govt Maintenance NOT responsibility of pvt player WHO Ministerial Conference on Road Safety, Sweden Theme "Achieving Global Goals 2030" India accounts 2% of motor vehicles in the world, yet => 11% road deaths of world Loss of 3% GDP due to road accidents Stockholm Declaration (India signed Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety in 2015) Reduce road traffic deaths by 50% from 2020 to 2030 - SDG3.6 4 E's by Nitin GadkariEducation Engineering Enforcement Emergency Care Smart Meters Advance metering infra solution => 2 way communication btw energy provider and consumer Reduces operational cost of energy companies and improves billing RENEWABALE ENERGY Wind Energy 37 GW installed capacity => 4th largest (after China, US, Germany) Potential of 300 GW (at 100m) and 700 GW (at 120m height) Goal => 60 GW by 2022 TN - highest wind energy capacity

SOLAR ENERGY > WIND ENERGY CAPACITY NOW (overtook recently) 2019 - Govt brough all hydro projects (>25MW also) under renewable energy category So now, electricity under renewable energy accounts for 35% India is largely self-sufficient in electricity, but still cross border trade happensImport 1200MW from Bhutan Export 1200 MW to Bangla 430 MW to Nepal 3 MW to Myanmar