INS 3003 Fall 2019 Notes Full Semester PDF

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Na'ama Nagar...

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The current system ● Evolution of conflict ● Regionalism at a crossroads ● Rise of russia and china ● Spread and decline of liberal democracy ● Global financial crisis ● The threat of global terrorism ● Climate change ● The era of trump Mission of the course ● Examine a wide range of general theories ● Learn how to evaluate alternative explanations ● Examine a number of pressing global problems facing the United States and world community The interdisciplinary of international relations ● Political science ● History ● Sociology ● Psychology ● Religion

8/29/19 Basic concepts: Sovereignty, state, nation: Global actors ● States ○ The most important piece of the system ● institutions/intergovernmental organizations ○ The world bank ○ The UN ○ IMF ○ ILO ● Non state actors ● Government officials ● Multinational corporations Levels of analysis ● Different theories have different levels of analysis ● Individual ○ Why do decision makers make the choices they do

● State ○ States with similar government types tend not to go to war with each other ● International ○ States behave the way they do because the system is anarchic, there is no world government to hold states accountable ● Systemic ● Interstate ● State level ● Bureaucratic level ○ Each state has different ministries within it, each own has their own stake, agenda, and goals on foreign policy ● individual/decision maker level What is a State? ● Basic ingredients of a state ○ Government ○ Territory ○ Population ○ Recognition ○ Monopoly over the legitimate use of force ■ The government needs to be able to solely maintain order in their state through the use of force ○ Sovereignty ● Definition of state ○ A corporate body exercising, or claiming to exercise, sovereign political power over a particular geographic area. Sovereign power implies a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. Also, states must be recognized by states ○ Without recognition a state could meet all the requirements but not be a state because the international community refuses to recognize them ● Legal criteria are not absolute ○ Territory not always well defined ○ Population changes with migrants and immigrants ○ People not always obedient to government ○ Unclear how many states need to grant diplomatic recognition ● Rulers source of legitimacy ○ Traditional legitimacy ■ Monarchies ■ Based on habit and custom over time ○ Charismatic legitimacy

■ Based on the force of ideas and the presence of the leader ○ Rational-legal legitimacy ■ Based on rules and procedure and the office that create and enforce those rules ● Sovereignty(Internal ○ The monopoly on legitimate use of force within a territory ■ Murder, gang violence, terrorism, rebellion, etc are illegitimate use of force ■ National governments delegated power ● example: Local police ● But the authority to use force originates from the states permission ● What is external sovereignty ○ Sovereignty refers to the independent authority of the state over a territory and the population that reside within it ○ But states and other actors violate this norm all the time ○ Since 1648 the norm that of sovereignty is non intervention, but that has started to change What is a Nation? ● A collective united by shared cultural features and the belief in the right to territorial self-determination ● What are some of the misuses of the term? ○ When people use nation interchangeably with state, ethnicity State and nation ● Nation-states:denmark and italy ● Nations spread in several states: kurds in iraq, turkey, syria, iran ● States with several nations within their border: India and russia ● Stateless nations: Palestinians, tamils, kurds ● Is there such a thing as an american nation or a canadian nation ○ Civic nationalism 9/3/19, The Notion of Power: What is Power? ● “The ability to not influence others, but to control outcomes, producing results that would not have occurred naturally ● Multidimensional, dynamic, and relative ○ There are many different types of power ○ Power can shift and change ○ Power only starts to matter when you compare it to other countries

● Power is relative ○ 1.States own capabilities, goals, policies, and actions ○ 2.the capabilities of the other entities with which states interact Sources of power ● Natural sources ○ Natural resources- but what about the curse? ○ Geographic position and size- is it better to border with a sea or to be located in the center of a continent? ○ Population-is it really a natural source ● Tangible sources of power ○ Industrial development ○ Level of infrastructure ○ Economic diversification ○ Characteristics of military ● Intangible sources of power ○ National image ○ Public support and cohesion ○ Public morale ○ Leadership ○ Quality of government ○ Soft power What is Soft Power? ● A more subtle form of influence over the values held by other states ● Exercise influenced by attraction ○ Get country to do what we want ● Sources of soft power: cultural attraction, political values, foreign policies ● How can you measure soft power? What is smart power? ● The combination of both soft power and hard power capabilities in a way that reinforce one another Exercising power? ● Diplomacy ○ The art of diplomacy ■ The art of negotiations ■ Taking a specific action or refraining from action ■ Requires credible parties with believable statements ○ 5 functions of diplomacy ■ dispute/conflict management ■ Problem solving

■ Cross-cultural communication on a wide range of issues ■ Negotiation and bargaining on specific issues, treaty, and agreements ■ General program management of foreign policy decisions of one state with regards to another ○ Negotiation and bargaining ■ Bargaining is important for achieving influence ■ Diplomatic persuasions occur in world politics more often than we think ■ Bargaining can be tacit or occur through explicit negotiations ■ The Objective is to get the opponent to agree with you as much as possible in achieving a solution to the problem while minimizing costs to yourself ○ Diplomacy: The case of canada ■ NIche diplomacy: COncentrate resources in select areas ■ Diplomatic themes reflect canadian values and ways to differentiate itself from the united states ● Support human rights by concentrating on human security ● Train and participate in multilateral peacekeeping ○ Obstacles for diplomacy ■ Two level game; culture ● Public support ● Cultural norms ○ What is public diplomacy ○ What is two track diplomacy ■ Non state actors that don't necessarily represent the state but still engage in diplomatic relations ● Economic statecraft ○ Negative sanctions ■ The threat or use of sanctions to force states to behave the way you want ○ Positive sanctions ■ Rewarding states for behaving the way you want them to behave ○ Effectiveness ■ Often viewed as non effective ● Public rallies around leaders ● States change economic policies ● Difficult to maintain international cohesion in long term ■ In 1980s south africa case shows some success

■ Since 1990s, increased use of smart sanctions ■ 2015 Iran agreement- the product of sanctions? ■ What about North Korea ● The use of power ○ Compellence ■ Threat or use of force to get target state to do something or undo an act already taken ○ Deterrence ■ Threatening the use of force against an action not yet taken desired by another state ■ Communication, capability, credibility

9/5/19 History of international relations: The historical context of international relations ● History shows ○ Emergence of the state and the concept of sovereignty ○ Development of the international state state ○ Causes and continuing consequences of colonialism and two world wars ○ Changes in the distribution of power among states Emergence of the westphalian system ● Thirty years war ○ A religious dispute between catholics and protestants ○ Treaty of westphalia ○ Why is westphalia so important? ■ Sovereignty ■ National militaries ■ States ■ Capitalism 18th-19th centuries ● The age of revolutions(1789-1914) ○ American and french revolutions ■ Legitimacy:moral and legal right to rule, based on low, custom, heredity, or consent of the governed ■ Nationalism: people shared devotion and allegiance to the nation ● Ethnic and self determination ● Usually based on shared characteristics of the people: common customs, cultural practices, historical experience, and perhaps language

● Europe in the nineteenth century ○ Napoleonic wars ■ Napoleon conquered almost the entirety of europe ○ Period of relative peace: the concert of europe ■ Was established at the congress of europe ■ It is still a multipolar world ○ Imperialism and the balance of power ● Imperialism and colonialism, what is the difference ○ Led to a reduction in the fighting of europe because they had less incentive to fight each other when they could carve out weaker parts of the world for much less costs ○ Imperialism is taking over existing states ○ Colonialism is settling in non state areas and forming colonies ○ Motivated by desire for adventure economic gains, increased stature, and political power; spread of culture and religion ○ The industrial religion provides military and economic capacity and technological advantage ○ The congress of berlin divides the african continent ○ Countries will not fight each other if they are equal in power ● Explaining nineteenth century peace ○ Eurpean solidarity: christian “civilized” white ○ Elites united by fear of revolution ○ Engaged in territorial expansion outside of europe: colonialism and imperialism The world wars ● The breakdown: solidification of alliances ○ The balance falters with the franco-prussian war of 1870 and the russian invasion of Turkey in 1877 ○ Triple alliance forms, 1882(germany, austria-hungary, italy) ○ Dual alliance counters, 1893 (france russia) ○ Entente cordiale forms, 1904 (britain, france) ○ The balance of power break down due to solidifications of alliances, resulting in world war 1 ● Key development in the interwar years ○ Three empires collapsed: russia by revolution; austria-hungary, by dismemberment; and the ottoman empire, by external wars and internal turmoil. This leads to a resurgence of nationalism ○ German dissatisfaction with the world war 1 settlement leads to facism. Germany finds allies in italy and japan

○ A weak league of nations is unable to respond to japanese, italian, and german aggression, nor does it respond to widespread economic unrest ● World war 2 ○ Japan's invasion of China ○ Italy's invasion of Ethiopia ○ Hitler and nazi germany ○ The rise of mussolini and facist italy ○ Brutality of the axis powers toward noncombatants ● The aftermath of ww2 ○ Massiv ehuman rights violations, particularly genocide, leading to the creation of the geneva conventions ○ First use of nuclear weapons technology ○ Emergence of two superpowers: the united states and the soviet union ○ Decline of europe ○ Gradual end of colonialism ○ Creation of the United Nations The cold war ● The emergence of the cold war ○ A bipolar world and the containment of the soviet block ○ Differences in political national interests and ideology (capitalism v soviet communism) ○ Mutual misperceptions fueling suspicion and mistrust ○ Arms race: mutually assured destruction ■ Development of competing alliances ■ Competition played out by and within third parties as conflict is globalized ■ Cold war in asia, africa, latin america ● A series of confrontations ○ Distinct phases of confrontation ■ 1945-52:onset ■ 1953-69: conflict, compromise, confrontation ■ 1969-79 rise and fall of detente ■ 1979-86: the second cold war ○ Various international crises ■ 1961:berlin blockade ■ 1962:cuba missile crisis ■ 1965-1973: vietnam war ■ 1979: soviet invasion of afghanistan ● The end of the cold war

○ Mikhail gorbachev instituted glasnost (political openness) and perestroika(economic restructuring ○ Changes in soviet policy ○ Soviets give up control of european satellite countries ○ Ths soviet Union begins to disintegrate, formally ceasing to exist on december 25, 1991 ● The immediate post-cold war era ○ Iraq invaded kuwait in 1990, and the multilateral response unites the former cold war adversaries ○ The united states hegemony ○ Increased ethnic conflict: balkan wars, central and west africa, central Asia, and the indian subcontinent ■ Example rwanda: genocide occurs with no international response The new millennium ● The rise of transnational terrorism and the war oon terrorism ● Financial crisis ● Arab uprisings and the refugee crisis ● The rise of populism ● New powers are in play

9/10/19 Realism: The dominance of realism ● Beena round for a long time- traceable to ancient greece ● Powerful critique of earlier form of utopian realism ● Persistently adopted by many policymakers ● Simple, clear theory (parsimonious) Founding fathers of realism ● Thucydides ● Machiavelli ● Hobbes Thucydides: the melian dialogue ● Peloponnesian war and the melian dialogue- what made war inevitable was the growth of athenian power and the fear which caused this in sparta ● “Since you know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must” Hobbes: Leviathan ● People are motivated by competition, glory, and distrust

● State of nature- each person does as he pleases. ● Without hierarchy there is anarchy and given the nature of people this will be a state of war ● Establishment of a social contract and social society ● Sovereign authority to whom all people in society cede some of their rights for the sake of protection ● States however are similar to the person but with the key difference that they have no one to control them so they exist in a natural and anarchic state Machiavelli: The Prince ● State as a key actor ● The ruler is responsible for the survival of the state ● Morality does not apply to the state ● The leader cna justify using immoral means to achieve his objectives ● The book also promotes the idea of alliances and various strategies to protect the state One realism, or many? ● Lack of consensus in literature. Different types ○ Those who grant theoretical primacy to human nature ○ Those who accentuat the importance of international anarchy and the distribution of power in the international system Classical realism ● E.H. Carr ○ Critique od liberal “utopianism” dominant after ww1 ○ Failure of the league of nations ○ In reality, states selfish concerns dominate ○ Aggressive actions by states are rational and natural ○ Politics ought to be analyzed objectively as it is, not as it should be ○ Clash among national interests inevitable ○ Only way to minimize war is balance of power among states ● Hans morgenthau ○ International politics as a struggle of power ■ The flawed individual in the state of nature struggles for survival ■ The sovereign unitary state is constantly involved in power struggles, balancing power wit power, seeking to preserve national interest ■ The anarchic nature of the system- the struggle is continuous ○ Morgenthau's six principle ■ Politics governed by objective laws with roots in human nature ■ Interest defined in terms of power

■ The political and cultural context within each foreign policy is formulated matter ■ Political action has moral consequences, but morality cannot guide actions ■ There is no universally agreed set of moral principles ■ Political sphere is autonomous from legal, moral, or economic sphere. Politics deals with power Realism key assumptions ● States are the most important actors in the system ● States exist in anarchy ● Key goals of states: security and survival ● Power as the dominant currency of IR ● States are rational unitary actors ● States have a conflicting interest ● The importance of military power Classical realism: key hypothesis ● If a state faces a stronger power, then it will balance against this power ○ Why? ■ Human nature ■ Uncertainty about capabilities and intentions Balance of power ● Balancing vs neutrality vs bandwagoning ○ External balancing ○ Internal balancing ● Bandwagoning- joining the stronger state or alliance of states ○ Why bandwagon? ■ 1.when weak states are located next to powerful states ■ 2.In the absence of available allies ■ 3.When the strong state appears to be appeasable ■ 4.Near the end of a war when the winner is virtually certain

9/12/19 Neorealism: Neorealism or structural realism (kenneth waltz) ● Trying to explain the interactions between major states in the system ● Waltz warns highly against a unipolar system ● Man, the state, and war (1959) ○ Human nature, ○ The state,

○ The international system ■ What is a system ● System is defined by the attributes of its component units, and by the nature, pattern, and number of interactions among those units ● The current structure of the international system emerged in the 15th century with the treaty of westphalia, the system of states ● Goal: build a rigorous theory of international politics ○ 1.states are like firms in the free market, their goal is survival- a constant ○ 2.the nature of the system of the system is anarchic- a constant ○ 3.The only variable- the distribution of capabilities The effects of anarchy ● 1.self help-cannot rely on others ● 2.uncertainty- conflict is always possible ● 3. Drive for power to attain security. Survival is key ● 4.states are concerned with relative gains ● 5.excessive power grabbing can prompt security dilemma ○ Anarchic structure of the system -> system of self help -> focus: capabilities and intentions -> result: spiral of hostility -> anarchic structure of the system ■ Its a loop ○ One state's security may be seen and defined as another states insecurity ● End result: cooperation is limited Polarity ● Defining polarity ○ 1 great power, unipolar world ○ 2 great powers, bipolar world ○ Multiple great powers, multipolar world ● Theorize that bipolar world is the most stable system Neorealism key hypotheses ● H1: if the system is bipolar, then war is less likely to occur ● H2: if the system is multipolar then conflict will be more likely ○ Dangers of multipolarity ■ Uncertainty and misperception ■ Buck-passing ● When you have an alliance, and you decide to not engage in a certain conflict and to leave it to your allies ■ chain- ganging

● What we saw in the first world war, when you chain to your alliances and will help them no matter the conflict Comparing classical and neorealism ● Similarities ○ Explain the world as it is, not as it should be ○ Domestic policies separate from foregin policy ○ States rational actors, not moral agents ○ Power and/or security define states interests ○ Pervasiveness of conflict ○ International system stays basically the same, anarchic ● Differences ○ Realism ■ Actors ● Leaders, characters; actors in a system may change ■ Interest of states ● Power ■ Sources of interest ● Human nature ○ Neo realism ■ Actors ● Sovereign states are the only important actors ■ Interest of states ● Security ■ Sources of interests ● Structure of system Power transition theory ● The current system ○ The system is unipolar ○ Has a hegemon at top, rising powers below them, and middle sized powers at the bottom ● Step 1: the within country power transition ● Step 2: the between countries power transition Essentials of realism ● History: a long history ● Primary unit: the state ● Character of the unit : unitary rational actor ● Character of the system: anarchic, struggle of power ● Goal: increase power/ survival ● Role of military force: extremely important

● Policy recommendation: alliance and defense spending 9/19/19 Liberal institutionalism (neoliberalism): Complex interdependence ● States ave plenty opportunities to interact and cooperate ● Independency has pacifying effects ● What is interdependence? ○ Independence: no interaction between states ○ Dependence: a depends on B; but not vice versa ○ Interdependence: A depends on B; B depends on A ● Complex interdependence theory ○ Most states exist between pure realism and complex interdependence ○ Increasing connections and interdependence between states ○ States are not the only actor in world politics ○ The decline of military force ○ Technological change- communication and travel ● Complex interdependence...