Introduction to Occupation and Occupational Therapy - Lecture notes - 1 - 13 PDF

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Week 1 OT1011!

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What is occupational therapy?! It is an art and science of enabling engagement of everyday living to patient. Of enabling people to foster education of health and well-being, of enabling an inclusive society that all people may participate in with their potential of everyday life. !

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OT vs. PT - PT is more concerned with the physical achievements. OT considers these achievements and compares them to the individuals everyday life activities and whether he would be able to live by himself and independently. !

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Enabling occupation is the primary role of the practice of occupational therapy. It allows individuals to develop and grow. !

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What does occupation mean?! To be ‘occupied’ is to use or seize control of time and space to engage in a recognisable life endeavour (or) the ordinary and familiar thins that people do everyday (american ot association)!

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‘our occupations are all the active processes of looking after ourselves and others, enjoying life, and being socially and economically productive over the lifespan and in various contexts’!

! ‘the activities people engage in throughout their daily lives and give it meaning’ ! !

Occupational performance! Performance of all the activities that make up the individual’s lifestyle! - it is influenced by a persons physical, cognitive psychosocial and environmental factors! - changes across the lifespan! - more then just DOING!

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ALL THE ACTIVITIES THAT PEOPLE PARTICIPATE IN THAT MAKE THEM WHO THEY ARE IN THEIR DAILY ACTIVITIES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN BRINGS PURPOSE + MEANING TO LIFE (SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, WELL-BEING, INDIVIDUAL)!

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Occupations have 5 key characteristics (MOLINEUX)! 1. Active engagement - a form of ‘doing’ that occupies time &space and requires investment of energy, interest & attention - physical & mental" When ? what time in life? When?! 2. Purpose - surveil , skill development & maintenance, individual health & wellbeing. Why?! 3. Meaning - to the individual that is unique & dynamic that motivates engagement! 4. Context - Occupations occur in physical, social, cultural, institutional (laws), temporal, historical & political contexts! 5. Humans as occupational beings - While all species engage in doing, occupation may be a uniquely human characteristics!

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1. What people do and when?" - Occupational categories" - Routines, habits" - Time use" - Individual, group, community population level!

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2. Why people do what they do?" - Occupations have diverse meanings at an individual & social level" - Occupations create meaning" - Identity, development, esteem, well being are instrisically linked to occupation" - Motivation for engaging in occupation is linked to meaning" - Occupations can be obligatory, necessary or chosen" - Occupations develop skills"

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3. Where do people engage in occupation?! - Contextual factors influence what we do! - temporal contexts- life stage, chronobiological factors! - social &cultural factors - values, beliefs, norms, traditions! - natural & hilt physical environments! - legal & political contexts - work environments, laws, regulations!

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How does the framework help OT in their work? it helps them by providing them with guided questions to ask their patients to make sure they consider and are aware of ALL aspects of their occupation and not allow OT’s to make assumptions.

Week 2 OT1011!

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Learning outcomes ! - Define and apply the taxonomy of occupation and ow it can be classified’! - explain the concept of roles and how they influence occupational behaviour! - discuss extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing occupational behaviour !

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READ CHAPTER 1 AND 5!

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Do you think Maswlow’s hierarchy is universally applicable? Can you think of instances that contradict this hierarchy? It is universally applicable, however outside circumstances such as war may not always allow this trend to be followed. Also people who do not like change may not feel the need to develop. !

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Terminology - necessary occupations, contracted occupations, committed occupation, free time occupations, self care, productivity, leisure, habits, routines, time use!

! Daily life consists of: Tasks, activities, occupations, occupational role! !

Occupations ! Broad frameworks within which activities are organised - Behavioural areas! Activities performed with some consistency & regularity & create structure! Given value & meaning by the individual & culture! Activities and occupations can performed simultaneously - embedded or nested occupations e.g. eating while watching tv. !

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Taxonomic code - hierachy of related concepts allows for ordering related concepts to allow for more in-depth understanding and differentiating , organised order!

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Activities! - an activity is an observable unit of behaviour which has observable or determinable temporal beginning & end points. ! - Acitivities (behavioural units) include sleeping, reading, talking, shopping, eating! - Activities are grouped into behavioural areas!

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Tasks! - a set of actions having an end point or a specific outcome and a purpose! - Self contained stage in an activity! - a combination of actions sharing some purpose as recognised by the task performer, related to the accomplishment of specific goals!

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Actions! - a set of voluntary movement or mental processes that form a recognisable & purposeful pattern such as grasping, holding, pulling, pushing, remembering)! Limitations of Taxonomic Code of Occupational Performance (TCOP)! - looking at taks, activities and occupations tell us WHAT people do and HOW they do them ! BUT …! It tells us nothing about the meaning of those activities or occupations to the individual! Tasks, activities and occupations need to be put into the context of a persons life. !

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Occupation & Meaning! - The same occupation may have a range of different meanings depending on" ! - goal of the individual" ! - the environmental contexts" ! - or the mood" e.g. eating may be done for survival, for social interactions, as a spiritual or cultural ritual,or as a developmental skill in a young child.! - Meaning is an important factor in understanding the relationship between occupation and health & well being! - Meaningfulness in occupation is related to spirituality! - Spirituality is not necessarily religious, it is" - the essence that makes us distinctive & unique" - the innate force that drives us to seek meaning & happiness" e.g. religion, ethics, culture, laws, karma! - Engagement in meaningful occupations promotes feelings of self worth & confidence! - Meaning created motivation to engage in occupation! - Our identity is created & re-affirmed through engagement in occupation! - Identity forms a context in which we view & interpret the world around us! - loss of meaningful occupation undermine health & wellbeing!

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Occupational roles: ! - patterns of behaviours that involve certain rights & duties! - A culturally defined pattern of occupation that reflects particular routines and habits! - Roles may be short term - e.g. sports spectators or long term - e.g. parent, partner! - Roles can overlap, be congruent or conflict - affecting life balance and stress levels! - Roles influence everyday behaviour! - may be chosen or put upon us! - engagemend in roles is dynamic - changing and evolving across the life span! - some roles have very strong cultural ‘norms’ e.g. Parenting - that set down what is acceptable. ! - Variability in role performance is as a result of individual characteristics, circumstances & context. !

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Summary! - Occupational roles are culturally defined patterns of occupation! - occupations can be broken down into activities, taks, actions and voluntary movements or mental processes (Taxomic code of occupational performance)! - meaning is a central driving for engaging in occupation and an outcome of occupational engagement!

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In class lecture! Pop Quiz! Why do undertake occupations? survival, security, self actualisation, emotional need, purpose and meaning!

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emotional need = love, joy, happiness, have fun and laugh, be supported! survival need = breath, food, water, find shelter! self actualisation = personal growth (making yourself better & more), creativity (studying)!

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Complete these statements! - occupational roles are patterns of behaviour that … involve certain rights and duties" - occupational roles are culturally defined patterns that … reflect particular routines and habit" - roles may be short or long term e.g. … short term = baby sitting = wife, mother " - roles can overlap, be congruent or … conflict (e.g. mother - daughter relationship)!

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Embedded occupation - doing two occupations at the same time which do not need to be related to each other. e.g. taking care of kids while talking to mum on the phone!

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Occupational Roles! what people do can be viewed in terms of occupational roles! Roles- patterns of behaviours that involve certain rights & duties that an individual is expected, trained .. !

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Habits & Routines! Habits are:! - relatively automatic, repetitive patterns of human behaviour! - not all habitual behaviours are occupations e.g. biting your nails!

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Routines are:! - habitual, repeatable & predictable ways of acting! - assist to move efficiently through regular daily occupations! - habits & routines are important influences on how we structure our time! - they support the organisation of our lives! - they are the building blocks of lifestyles (larger patterns of behaviour or tendencies)! - some lifestyles healthier than others! - certain habits & routines are necessary for well-being! - loss of routine/structure - increased risk of physical &/ or emotional disturbances e.g. sleep disorders, depression, loss of self esteem & identity" " (people who go to hospital for a longer period of time and are forced to follow the hospital routines)!

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Classifying Occupations! Human use of time and occupational behaviour can be considered to fall into 4 categories. !

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1. necessary occupations ——-> Self care & rest! Occupations that meet basic physiological and self maintenance needs! Include: Eating, sleeping/rest, sex, personal care (bathing, toileting, grooming)!

! Relatively stable across populations & cultures! !

2. Contracted occupations ——> productivity! Involve paid productivity or formal education! Governed by a contract usually extending over a long period! Specific obligations e.g. start time, finish time! involve an exchange of pay or reward (e.g. degree)"

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3. Committed Occupations ——-> productivity! Have a work or productivity character but not usually renumerated - non market production! less clear or specific duration! Includes: Housework & meal preparation, volunteer, child/elder care, home & care maintenance! Some people pay others to do these occupations!

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4. Free time occupations —-> leisure! Time left over after other 3 types of occupations are completed! Does not necessarily entirely consist of leisure!

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Behaviour! At any given time we must be dong something that can be considered PRIMARY occupations eg. work , sleeping, leisure! There are many contextual factors that facilitate or constrain occupations! - intrinsic factors! - factors innate in the individual! - includes: personality/temperament, preferences, skills, abilities, knowledge, basic needs, health/illness/disability, biological rhythms, age, gender, socio-economic statutes, values, attitudes, meanings (spirituality = ethics, religion)"

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-extrinsic factors" - factors external to the individual" - includes! ! - physical, social,cultural, institutional! ! - resources! ! - time and space!

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Human time use! - occupations occur in time and over time, & in sequence! - time use is usually routine- we just do it, we don’t think about it! - To understand occupations we need to know what people are doing and how they use their time! - we need to record what and where they do occupations!

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Time use studies! - ways of studying what people do and when! - time use research conducted by range of fields including economics, health sciences, marketing, occupational science and social psychology! - time use studies give information on human occupational patterns! - designed to capture the flow of taks & activities inherent in occupations and the contexts in which they are carried out!

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How is time use studied:! - Records of task & activities minutes by minute & day by day! - written time diary or electronic device !

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Time use diaries! record is kept of ! - what a person is doing - primary & secondary activities! - when they started & when they stopped! - where they where & with whom! - level of enjoyment in task or activity! - perceived level of control! time use records about the dimensions of occupations !

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Workshop 2! Reasons for engaging in occupation ! To meet daily needs of! - Survival, emotional needs, self actualisation! - to cope with physical, social, cultural, environmental demands!

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1. 5 categories in the taxonomic code : tcop! ! Occupation" ! Activity " ! Task" ! Action" ! Voluntary movement of mental process" " 2. 2 ways of Classifying occupations " ! Necessary Occupation! ! Contracted Occupation! ! Committed Occupation! ! Free time occupation " " ! selfcare, productivity & leisure !

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3. Habits are:! - relatively automatic, repetitive patterns of human behaviour! - not all habitual behaviours are occupations e.g. biting your nails! - elements of a routine!

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4. Routines are:! - habitual, repeatable & predictable ways of acting that assist to move efficiently through regular daily occupations!

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5. What is an occupational role?! - patterns of behaviours that involve certain rights & duties! - A culturally defined pattern of occupation that reflects particular routines and habits! - Roles may be short term - e.g. sports spectators or long term - e.g. parent, partner! - Roles can overlap, be congruent or conflict - affecting life balance and stress levels! - Roles influence everyday behaviour! - may be chosen or put upon us! - engagement in roles is dynamic - changing and evolving across the life span! - some roles have very strong cultural ‘norms’ e.g. Parenting - that set down what is acceptable. ! - Variability in role performance is as a result of individual characteristics, circumstances & context. !

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!What are the (extrinsic) motivators that influenced this person’s engagement in their particular occupation?!

!x social !

- mentioned that she enjoys teaching and working people! x physical ! - zumba classes help her working out. already enjoyed aerobics in her youth! x cultural ! - lives in cairns. which is culturally accepting of zumba classes! x time and space - ! x resources ! - always able to get involved in physical activities and teaching e.g. uni, in ! ! ! childhood. !

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What are the internal (insrinsic) motivators that influenced this person’s engagement in their particular occupation! robber !- age, gender, socio economic status, ethics/ spirituality!

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x skills ! - has people skills! x spirituality ! - believes that zumba is great as it brings people from different backgrounds and ! ! ! fitness levels together!

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Identify an occupation (or role) that required you to make a deliberate choice e.g. choosing to study at university, choosing to play a musical instrument.!

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Gym member! Choice ->! deciding to go to the gym. !

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Influence->! friend is a personal trainer! Choice was made by: easy access to the gym. free training and membership. friends with the family!

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Activity

Task

Actions

Voluntary movements & mental processes

Boiling the water

unplug kettle and carry over to tap turn on tap fill kettle with water to max level take kettle back to power source turn on power source

Pulling out plug! Lifting, carrying the kettle! Walking to the sink! Holding kettle under tap! Walking back to bench while carrying kettle

Physical movements involve power grasp, elbow flexion, forearm pronation -

Voluntary movements & mental processes

Occupation- Making Easter bonnet

ACtivity

Tasks

Actions

Assembling the bonnet, Decorate the bonnet

pick decoration plate and glue sit at table discuss arrangement arranging decoration putting glue on spreading glue putting glitter on shaking excess flitter off

pushing chair up! standing up pushing chair back walk to bench lift up decoration collect decoration walk back to table sit down on chair place items back down grasp items and move them around

Enabling Occupation II Chapter 2 (p 48-54) Physical Context Either: - Natural - all living & non living things occurring naturally in the world - Built - buildings, products, technology, tools & equipment How does the physical environment influence occupation? - Physical demands - effect level of difficulty, complexity, speed, effort, exertion, timing and scope of occupations - Patterns of occupations are affected by natural environment - e.g. Nomadic tribes following food, changes of activities with seasons - Some occupations occur in both the built & natural environment - e.g. gardening e.g. Child at school - during breaks- physical aspect of outdoors challenge children/ limit their ability to engage - space and playground equipment - Lunch space and play space - In class- sit in sat or on floor to participate in various activities How does social context influence occupation? - Occupational roles are socially constructed & many have strong social expectations and norms - Many occupations are inherently social, involving interactions with others. Interpersonal relationships provide a fundamental influence in shaping behaviours & attitudes. - An individual’s position in societal groups shape behaviour and attitudes towards self - Societal policies govern the availability of resources which impact on the occupational behaviour of individuals & groups Social Context - The social world is complex, always changing and exists on many layers - It needs to be understood & studied - as a whole (historically) - by components or layers such as! - in terms of types of social systems and structures ! - in terms of social groups in relation to access to resources & power; or - in terms of micro, meso and macro elements Social Context: Micro, Meso & Macro - The three different levels represent groupings of societies based on their scale

- Micro elements! - the smallest elements that create the idea of what a society is! - the micro level deals with the daily actions & interactions of people in society! - it examines the social roles that we take on within society as well as how we react to society and understand it.

Revision of pre-lecture: Terminology: built environments, natural environments, place, micro, mess, macro elements, institutional, physical context, social context, culture, cultural awareness Defining Context - “Where” of occupation ...