Jade McGee, Assignment 3 PDF

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PTO 101 Assignment 3 for the first semester....

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As s i g n me nt3: Ho wwa r f a r eb r o u g h ta b o uti nn o v a t i on si nAnc i e n t Ch i n a

J a deMc Ge e U18041982

Al t hought hepa r a l l e l sbe t we e ns t a t ebui l di n ga ndwa ri sno tuni v e r s a l ,i ti se vi de ntt ha ti n f e uda lt i me s ,s t a t ebui l di ngwa sdr i v e nb yi nc e nt i v e sc r e a t e db ywa r f a r e .Thi se s s a ywi l ls ho w ho wwa r f a r el e a dt ot hec r e a t i onofne wi ns t i t ut i onsi na nc i e ntCh i na ,wi t hc l os er e f e r e nc et o Fr a nc i sFuku y a ma ’ sTheOr i gi nsofPol i t i c alOr de r . Dur i n gCh i na ’ sEa s t e r nZh uDyna s t y ,Ch i ne s e‘ s t a t e s ’e xpe r i e nc e dwe l lo v e rat hous a nd bl ood ywa r s .Thi si nt e ns i v ewa r f a r el e a dt ot he“ e v ol ut i oni nt hemi l i t a r yor g a ni z a t i ons ” hi f tf r omc ha r i ot st oadi s t i nc t i v ef or mc a v a l r ya ndi nf a nt r y ,wa s ( Fukuy a ma2011:112) .Thes oneoft he s ee v ol ut i ona r ys t e ps ,“ Thewe s t e r nQi nwa soneoft hefir s tt or e c ogni z ei t sa r my a nde l i mi na t ec ha r i ot s … duepa r t l yt ot e r r a i na ndpa r t l yt oc ons t a ntpr e s s ur ef r om ba r b a r i a ns ” ( Fukuy a ma2011:112) .I nf a nt r yc ompl e t e l yr e pl a c e dc ha r i ot so v e rt hef ol l o wi ngt wo c e nt ur i e s .Anot he rbe i ngt hec ons c r i pt i onofpe a s a nt sa ndr a nki n gt hea r myba s e donme r i t r a t he rt ha nki ns hi p-a nol di ns t i t ut i on.Duet oph y s i c a ll os sofa r i s t oc r a t i cl i f e ,ho we v e r ,me r i t ba s e dpr omot i onwi t hi nt hemi l i t a r ywa se nc our a g e d.Thi sc ha n g ewi t hi nmi l i t a r yr a nki ng s fil t e r e di nt os oc i a lhi e r a r c h y ,a ss t a t e sbe g a nt ooffe ri nduc e me nt sofl a nd,a l on gwi t ht i t l e sa nd s e r f st os ol di e r s .Ev e nt ua l l yi tbe c a mec on v e nt i ona lf or“ c ommone r st or i s et ot hepos i t i onof g e ne r a l ”( Fuku y a ma2011:113) .The s ede v e l opme nt sc l e a r l ydi mi ni s he dt hes oc i a lpos i t i onof t hea r i s t oc r a c y ,a st he i rr a nkswe r ebe i n gt hi nne dout . Mobi l i z a t i onoft hec ons c r i pt i onofl a r g ea r mi e sr e q ui r e dr e s our c e sa ndf undsf ora ffor da bi l i t y Fukuy a ma2011:113) .Andt hus ,t hene wi nno v a t i onoft a xwa sbor n. a nde qui pme nt .( Ta xa t i onona gr i c ul t ur a ll a ndbe g a ni nt heSt a t eofLuwhe ni t sne i ghbor i ngs t a t e ,Qi ,i n v a de d t he m,c a us i n gt he mt oi nc r e a s et hes i z eofi t sc ons c r i pt i ona r my .Thi st a x a t i onwa sba s e don t he“ a l l ot me ntofl a ndt ogr oupsofi ndi vi dua lpe a s a ntf a mi l i e s ”r a t he rt ha na sa“ pos s e s s i onof Fukuy a ma2011:113) . aki ngr ou p”( Fr omt a xa t i on,c a met hene e df orbur e a uc r a c y .“ Bur e a uc r a t i z a t i onbe g a ni nt hea r mywi t ht he e xpa ns i onofs e r vi c ef r om a r i s t oc r a t st oc ommone r s ”( Fuku y a ma2011:114) .Thede ma ndf or ac i vi l i a nbur e a uc r a c yi nt e ns i fie dwi t ht hene e dt of undt hemi l i t a r yi nor d e rt oc ont i nue Fukuy a ma2011:114) .Themi l i t a r ybur e a uc r a c ypa v e dt hewa y “ l a r g e s c a l emobi l i z a t i on”( f orc i vi l i a nbur e a uc r a c y ,whi c ha l l o we df ort hegr o wt hofa“ c omma nda ndc ont r ol Fukuy a ma2011:114) .Thes hic l a s s ,be i n gb e l o wt henobi l i t y ,i nc l ude d i nf r a s t r uc t ur e ”( s ol di e r sa ndo t he rc ommone r st ha twe r epr omot e di nt opos i t i onsofr e s pons i bi l i t yo v e rt he pa t r i moni a lmi ni s t e r s .Thus ,c ont i nui n gt hede s t r uc t i onoft heol di nt ui t i onofnobi l i t y . Fur t he r ,t hepr e s s ur et oi nt e ns i f yt a xa t i onduet omi l i t a r yi ns e c ur i t y ,l e dt oa ni nc r e a s ei n Fukuy a ma2011:115) ,r e s ul t i ngi nt e c hnol o gi c a la dv a nc e s , l e v e l sofa gr i c ul t ur a lpr o duc t i on( s uc ha st her e pl a c e me ntofbr onz et ool swi t hi r on,t he“ de v e l opme ntofi r o nc a s t i n g Fuku y a ma2011:115) ,a l on gwi t ha ni mpr o v e me ntoft hema na g e me ntofl a nd t e c hni que s ”( a ndwa t e r .Thus ,r e s ul t i n gi nf a r r e a c hi n ge c onomi cgr o wt h.St a t e sus e dt he s ei nno v a t i ons“ t o i nc r e a s et he i rr e l a t i v epo we rpos i t i ons ”( Fukuy a ma2011:115) . Co nt i nua l l yt hepol i t i c a li ns t a bi l i t yoft hi se r aga v ebi r t ht o“ aki ndofi nt e l l e c t ua l r o ot l e s s ne s s ”t ha ta l l o we df ort hea ma l g a ma t i onof“ r ol e sofi nt e l l e c t ua la ndbur e a uc r a t ” ( Fukuy a ma2011:116)t ha ti suni qu e .Fur t he r ,t hene wi ns t i t ut i onofna t i ona l i s mbe c a mepa r t ofa nc i e ntChi ne s edoc t r i neduet ot hemobi l i t yofi nt e l l e c t ua l s .Thi sna t i ona li de nt i t ywa ss o

s t r ongt ha tnonChi ne s er ul e r swe r es e l doma bl et oi mpl e me ntt he i ro wni ns t i t ut i ons , Fukuy a ma2011: ul t i ma t e l yha vi n gt or ul eChi naus i n g“ Chi ne s ei ns t i t ut i onsa ndt e c hni que s ”( 116) . Thus ,s t a t e bui l di ngc a noc c ura sar e s ul tofc ons t a nta ndi nt e ns ewa r f a r e ,a ss e e ni na nc i e nt Chi na ,whe r ewa r f a r el e a dt one wi nno v a t i onsa ndi ns t i t ut i onst ha tr e pl a c e dt heol da ndha v e ha dl on gl a s t i n gl e g a c i e s .

Wor d s :5 6 0

Bi b l i o g r a p h y : Fu ku y a ma , F .2 0 11 .TheOr i g i n so fPo l i t i c a lOr de r . Ne wYo r k :Fa r r a r ,St r a u sa n dGi r o u x...