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CHAPTER 16 IN BELGIAN BRUSSELS (1890)  

January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels for two reasons: 1. The cost of living in Paris was very expensive 2. The gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writings of his second novel El Filibusterismo

Life in Brussels        

He was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels They lived in a modest boarding house run by two Jacoby sisters, Suzanne and Marie. Albert left the city, replaced by Jose Alejandrino He was busy writing his second novel Wrote articles for La Solidaridad and letters to his family and friends He spent part of his time in the medical clinic He had gymnastics, target practice and fencing Jose Alejandrino narrated, “in Brussels, we took our meals in a house and Rizal on one occasion suggested that we eat pansit…”

1. New Orthography of the Tagalog Language  He was the first to advocate the Filipinization of its orthography  The tagalog letters k and w should be used instead of c and o  Example. Salacot – salakot; arao – araw  While in Brussels, his article was published in La Solidaridad entitled, Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (The New Orthography of the Tagalog Language).  In this article, he laid down the rules of the new Tagalog orthography  Rizal gave the credit for the adoption of his new orthography to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera 2. Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling  Rizal received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura that the Filipinos in Spain were destroying good name of their nation by gambling too much  Rizal wrote to MH del Pilar to remind Filipinos in Madrid that they did not come to Europe to gamble, but to work for their fatherland’s freedom  The gambling Filipinos in Madrid were angry when they learned of Rizal’s moralizing  They called him Papa (Pope) instead of Pepe 3. Bad News from Home  The Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse  Don Francisco refused to pay higher rents imposed by the Dominican landlords  Dominican Order filed cases to dispossess Rizal family of their land in Calamba  Relatives were deported – Paciano, Antonio Lopez (husband of Narcisa), Silvestre Ubaldo (husband of Olimpia), Manuel Hidalgo (husband of Saturnina) 4. Presentiments of His Death  He had bad dreams during the nights in Brussels  He feared he would not live long  He was not afraid to die, not until he finished his second novel  In a letter to MH del Pilar, Rizal wrote “sad presentiments assaults me though I do not give them entire credence. In my childhood, I had a strange belief that I would not reach thirty years of age… I am preparing myself for death. Laong Laan (Ever Ready) is my true name…” Preparation to go Home

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“We have only once to die, and if we do not die well, we lose the opportunity which will not again be presented to us.” – Rizal

Decision to Go to Madrid   

Paciano wrote to Rizal about their cases against the Dominicans Cases were appealed to the Supreme Court in Spain He wrote to Del Pilar, getting him as their counsel and notified that he will be going to Madrid to supervise the handling of their cases

To my muse 

It was against the background of mental anguish in Brussels, during those sad days when he was worried by family disasters, that he wrote his pathetic poem, “A Mi”

Romance with Petite Susanne Jacoby 

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Two things brought some measures of cheers to the despondent Rizal as he was preparing to leave. 1. Summer time Festival of Belgium which was celebrated in carnival style, with colorful costumes, fantastic floats, and many days of merriment 2. Romance with Susanne Jacoby Rizal was so charming and dignified a gentleman that Petite Susanne was attracted to him He was lonely in a strange country and Leonor was so far away Like other women, Suzanne fell in love with Rizal She cried when he left toward the end of July, 1890 for Madrid

CHAPTER 17 MISFORTUNES IN MADRID

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Early in August of 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid He tried all legal means to seek justice for his family and the Calamba tenants He immediately sought the help of the Filipino colony, the Associacion Hispano-Filipina, and the liberal newspapers – La Justicia, El Globo, El Resumen, La Republica Together with MH del Pilar and Dominador Gomez, the secretary of the Associacion, he called on the Minister of Colonies (Fabie) in order to protest the injustices committed by the Governor-General Valeriano Weyler and the Dominicans against the Calamba folks Nothing came out of Rizal’s interview with Senor Fabie As El Resumen said, “TO COVER THE EARS, TO OPEN THE PURSE AND TO FOLD THE ARMS – this is the Spanish Colonial Policy.” The family received ejectment order by the Dominicans against Francisco Rizal and the Calamba tenants Paciano, Antonio, Silvestre, Teong, and Dandoy were deported to Mindoro Their parents were forcibly ejected from their home and live in the house of Narcisa Blumentritt in his letter urged him to see Queen Regent Maria Cristina, then the ruler of Spain

Aborted duel with Antonio Luna     

Towards the end of August 1890, Rizal attended a social reunion of the Filipinos in Madrid At that time, Luna was bitter of his frustrated romance with Nellie Boustead Luna was blaming Rizal for his failure to win her heart, although Rizal had previously explained he had nothing to do about it Luna uttered certain unsavory remarks about Nellie Rizal heard him and he challenged Luna to a duel

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Rizal was a better pistol shooter than Luna Luna was superior in sword Luna, as the challenged party, had the choice of weapons Luna, when he became sober, realized that he had made a fool of himself and apologized to Rizal

Rizal Challenges Retana to Duel 

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Wenceslao E. Retana wrote an article in La Epoca (Spanish Newspaper) asserting that the family and friends of Rizal had not paid their rents so that they were ejected from their lands in Calamba by the Dominicans Rizal immediately challenged Retana to a duel. Only Retana’s blood or his apology could vindicate the good name of Rizal’s family and friends Years later, Retana became Rizal’s biographer

Infidelity of Leonor Rivera 

Early in December, 1890, Rizal received a letter from Leonor Rivera, announcing her coming marriage to an Englishman Henry Kipping and asking for forgiveness

Rizal – Del Pilar Rivalry     

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Del Pilar was gaining prestige in Madrid for his vagarious editorials in La Solidaridad, which he came to own He purchased the periodical from Pablo Rianzares, its first proprietor, and replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as its editor Rizal’s leadership declined because some of his former admirers and supporters turned against him because they resented his interference in their private lives Rizal and his close friends objected to the periodical’s editorial policy which was occasionally contrary to Rizal’s political view To avert the break-up between Rizal and Del Pilar, Filipinos in Madrid (90) met to intensify the campaign for reform and they declared a leader called Responsible, he chosen to determine the editorial policy of La Solidaridad Responsible should be elected by a two-thirds vote of the Filipino community.

Rizal Abdicates His Leadership        

The Filipinos were divided into two camps – Rizalistas and Pilaristas 1st day of Voting – Rizal was winning but could not obtain the required 2/3 vote 2nd day of Voting – Rizal was winning but could not obtain the required 2/3 vote 3rd day of Voting – Mariano Ponce appealed to his countrymen to vote for Rizal. Thus, Rizal obtained the necessary 2/3 votes and was proclaimed Responsible Rizal, a man of honor and dignity, with a high sense of delicadeza, graciously declined the coveted position He knew that some of his compatriots who supported del Pilar despised or disliked him so he preferred to abdicate his leadership rather than be the cause of disunity and bitterness among his countrymen Sadly, he paced up his bags and boarded a train leaving for Biarritz As his train pulled of the railway station, he gazed through the city of Madrid, where he was happy during his first sojourn but unhappy on his second visit

CHAPTER 18 BIARRITZ VACATION AND ROMANCE WITH NELLY BOUSTEAD (1891)

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To seek solace for his disappointments in Madrid, Rizal took vacation in the resort city of Biarritz He was warmly welcomed as a guest of a rich Boustead family at its winter residence – Villa Elliada The one-month vacation in Biarritz worked wonders for Rizal as its made him forget the bitter memories of Madrid “I have put on much weight since I arrived here; my cheeks are no longer shrunken as before for the reason that I go to bed early and I have no reason to care.” – Rizal

Romance with Nellie Boustead      

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Rizal found Nellie to be a real Filipina, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament, and morally upright MH del Pilar teased Rizal about changing the “o” in Noli to an “e” Antonio Luna, who had previously loved and lost Nelly, encouraged Rizal to woo and marry her With the encouragement of his friends, Rizal courted Nellie who, in turn, reciprocated his affection While wooing Nellie, and enjoying so many magnificent moonlight nights with her, Rizal kept working on his second novel which he began to write in Calamba in 1887 Unfortunately, Rizal marriage proposal failed because: 1. Rizal refused to give up his Catholic faith and be converted to Protestantism, as Nelly demanded 2. Nelly’s mother did not like Rizal as a son-in-law Nelly’s mother had no wish to entrust her daughter’s happiness to a man who was poor in material things, a physician without a paying clientele, a writer who earned nothing from his pen, and a reformer who was persecuted by the friars and government officials of his own country Although Rizal and Nelly could not get married, the two parted as good friends

El Filibusterismo finished in Biarritz 

On March 29 1891, the eve of his departure from Biarritz to Paris, he finished the manuscript of El Filibusterismo

To Paris and back to Brussels     

March 30, 1891 Rizal bade farewell to the Bousteads and proceeded to Paris by train He stayed at home of Valentin Ventura Rizal wrote to Jose Ma. Basa expressing his desire to go to British colony (Hong Kong) and practice ophthalmology in order to earn his living Rizal also requested Basa to advance him the amount for a first class steamer ticket from Europe to Hong Kong By middle of April 1891, Rizal went back to Brussels, where he was happily received by Suzanne and Marie Jacoby

Retirement from Propaganda Movement 

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Rizal retired from the Propaganda Movement because he desired to publish his second novel, to practice his medical profession, and later, when he became financially independent, he expected to make a more, vigorous campaign for his country’s redemption May 1, 1891, Rizal notified the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly allowance and devote the money to some better cause, such as the education of young Filipino student in Europe

Rizal stopped writing for La Solidaridad  

Simultaneous with his retirement from the Propaganda Movement, Rizal ceased writing articles for La Solidaridad MH del Pilar wrote to Rizal begging for forgiveness for any resentment and requesting him to resume writing for the La Solidaridad

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In reply, Rizal wrote to del Pilar denying any resentment and explained why he stopped writing for La Solidaridad Reasons: 1. He needed to work on his book 2. He wanted other Filipinos to work also 3. He considered it very important to the party that there be unity in the work

Revising the Filibusterismo for Publication 

In Brussels, Rizal worked day after day revising the finished manuscript of El Filibusterismo and readied it for printing

CHAPTER 19 EL FILIBUSTERISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT (1891)

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Days flew fast like fleeting arrows in Brussels. Rizal was busy correcting and polishing his second novel – El Filibusterismo It took Rizal three years to complete the novel

Privations in Ghent  

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July 5, 1891, Rizal left Brussels for Ghent Reasons: 1. The cost of living was lower and the price of printing was much cheaper than in Brussels 2. To escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne In Ghent, he met two compatriots 1. Jose Alejandrino (Pampanga) 2. Edilberto Evangelista (Manila) Owing to his limited funds, Rizal lived in a cheap boarding house, with Jose Alejandrino (Pampanga) as roommate Rizal and Alejandrino live a frugal life in Ghent

The printing of “El Filibusterismo”   

F. MEYER-VAN LOO PRESS – where El Fili was printed and who was willing to print his book on installment basis July 1891, Rizal wrote a letter to Basa saying that if no money comes he has to stop the El Fili’s publication August 6, 1891 – The printing had to be suspended, as Rizal feared, because he could no longer give the necessary funds to the printer

Ventura, Savior of the El Filibusterismo 

In his morbid moments of despair, Rizal almost burned the manuscript of El Filibusterismo. When everything seemed lost, help came from an unexpected source. Valentin Ventura heard of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent the amount to finish the publication of the novel

The Fili Comes off the Press  

September 18, 1891 – El Filibusterismo, the sequel of the Noli, came off the press Rizal send two copies to Basa and Sixto Lopez who were both in Hong Kong while giving the original manuscript to Valentin Ventura with his autograph printed copy

Other recipients of El Fili

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 

Blumentritt Mariano Ponce Graciano Lopez Jaena T. H Pardo de Tavera Antonio and Juan Luna In Hong Kong, all copies of the first edition (Ghent copies) were confiscated and lost. The book immediately became rare and the few available Ghent copies were sold at very high prices, reaching as high as 400 pesetas per copy

GOM-BUR-ZA -

Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to the three Filipino Martyrs: 1. Fr. Mariano Gomez 2. Fr. Jacinto Zamora 3. Jose Burgos

The Manuscript and the Book  

The original manuscript of El Fili in Rizal’s own handwriting is now preserved in the Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila Acquired from Valentin Ventura for P10,000 – Consisting of 279 pages of long sheets of paper

Noli Me Tangere

El Filibusterismo

Romantic Novel work of the heart. I has freshness, color, humor, lightness, wit. 64 chapters

Political novel. Work of the head. It contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence and sorrow. 38 chapters

CHAPTER 20 OPTHALMIC SURGEON IN HONGKONG (1891 – 1892)

Rizal in Hong Kong  

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November 1891 to June 1892 Reasons 1. Life was unbearable in Europe because of his political differences with MH del Pilar 2. To be near his idolized country Brought with him a letter of recommendation by Juan Luna for Manuel Camos and 600 copies of the Fili

Rizal and the German Ladies Rizal Arrived in Hong Kong    

After almost 2 months, Rizal arrived in Hong Kong He was welcomed by Jose Ma. Basa He opened his own medical clinic He received news from Hidalgo of the “deportation of twenty-five persons from Calamba, including father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano, and the rest of us”

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Hidalgo was preparing a letter to the Queen Regent of Spain to secure justice. He also thought of writing to Queen Victoria of England to appeal for protection in the name of humanity

Family Reunion in Hong Kong   

Before Christmas of 1891, Rizal was gladdened by the arrival of his brother, father, mother, Lucia, Josefa, Trinidad and Silvestre Ubaldo His mother was then 65 years old and was almost blind The year before (1890), Dona Teodora was arrested on the flimsy charge that she was not using her surname “Realonda” and she was forced by a cruel Spanish officer of the Guardia Civil to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz. Fortunately, the Spanish governor of Laguna pitied her and set her free

Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong   

Rizal practiced medicine to earn a living for his family He successfully operated his mother’s left eye so that she was able to write and read again Aside from being an eye specialist, he was a general practitioner

Borneo Colonization Project    

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Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah) Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino families and carve a “New Calamba” The British Colonies of Borneo were willing to give the Filipino colonists 100,000 acres of land, a beautiful harbor and a good government for 999 years free of charges Reactions of Borneo colonization 1. Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio and Juan Luna, Blumentritt, Dr. Bautista Lin, etc – enthusiastically endorsed his Borneo colonization project. Lopez Jaena expressed his desire to join the colony 2. Manuel Hidalgo, Rizal’s brother-in-law, objected to the colonization project. “Why should we go to a foreign land without first exhausting all means for the welfare of the country which nurtured us from our cradles?” – Hidalgo to Rizal The infamous Weyler was relieved of his gobernadorial office and was replaced by Eulogio Despujol Despujol announced to the Filipino people a fine program of government In the belief that Despujol was sincere in his promises of a better government, Rizal sent him a letter offering his cooperation The governor did not acknowledge receipt of Rizal’s letter After 3 months, Rizal wrote a second letter and gave it to a ship captain to be sure it would reach the governor. The second letter requested the governor to permit the landless Filipinos to establish themselves in Borneo Once more the governor did not give Rizal the courtesy of reply. Instead, the governor notified the Spanish consul general in Hong Kong to tell Rizal that he could not approve the Filipino migration to Borneo Because: 1. The Philippines lacked laborers 2. It was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate on foreign soil

Writings in Hong Kong 1. Constitution of the La Liga Filipina Decisions to Return to Manila -

Reasons for going home 1. To confer with governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization project 2. To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila 3. To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he (Rizal) had abandoned the country’s cause

Last Hong Kong Letters  

Day after Rizal’s 31st birthday, he wrote 2 letter which he sealed, inscribed on each envelop, “to be opened after my death” and gave them to Dr. Marques for safekeeping The 2 letters were addressed for: 1. To my parents, brethren and friends 2. To the Filipinos

Rizal Falls into Spanish Trap    

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June 21, 1892, Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol to inform him of his coming to Manila and placed himself under the protection of the Spanish Government Rizal and Lucia left Hong Kong for Manila carrying a special passport or “safe-conduct” issued by the Spanish consul-general in Hong Kong On that same day, a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers “for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation.” Despujol ordered his secretary, Luis de la Torre, to find out Rizal was naturalized as German citizen, as was rumored, or that he might take prop...