KIN270-Lab5-Skeletal Lab 1-Bone Structures pdf PDF

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Download KIN270-Lab5-Skeletal Lab 1-Bone Structures pdf PDF

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The axial skeleton is the first of two labs on the skeletal system. The full skeletal system contains 206 bones of the adult skeleton as well as the specific bone markings found on these bones. The attached video explains the bone markings and an understanding of the identification of the markings found on bones in general. A specific list of the axial skeleton bones and bone markings is listed below. If the bone marking is not listed, students are not responsible for knowing it for the quiz or exam. Students should watch the attached video on the skeleton and complete the lab text exercise on axial skeleton. In addition, it may be helpful to print the axial skeleton handout to keep with you while you study the bones. To begin this lab, please watch the lab video lecture and review the cell anatomy chapter of your lab text. After you have attended your lab section you are ready to move onto the graded portion of the lab assignment which can be found on MyLab and Mastering A&P. Please note that the quiz is very specific, and requires you to identify both the bone or bone marking in some situations. You may feel as though you are being redundant when you answer 'tibial tuberosity of the tibia' however this is a complete answer, and thus is a correct answer. **All students are required to bring a copy of the bone structure list to class with them, please print this before attending class.

Video Notes Axial Skeleton – Bone Lab Lecture # 1 Bone Shapes Long Bone – any bone with a segment of attachment, a shaft, and a second segment of attachment, e.g. the femur Short Bone – e.g. the patella, or the carpal bones; bones that have almost equal length and width Irregular Bone, e.g. the scapula of the shoulder; a bone that may have irregular projections or otherwise does not fit the description of a long or short bone Bone Markings – “anything that comes off of a bone,” categorized by function and appearance (bone markings fit into anatomical language, and come with their own subset of language) (see images for more details) → Functions: Muscle and Ligament Attachment, Joint Formations, Passages for Nerves and Blood Vessels Tips: “bigger the bump” = greater chance of being a tuberosity or trochanter spine = “spiky,” sharp process (while an ordinary process is any bony prominence) head of a bone → usually articulates with a part of another bone facet = flattened section of a bone (where contact is made between bones) condyle = rounded projection that actually forms the joint (distinct from the epicondyle, which is located on the sides of a condyle, and is where the ligaments attach to hold the joint in place) (ex. Side projects on the femur attaching the tibia, with accessory ligaments, re: video example) foramen = round or oval opening (vs. fossa, which is a basin-like depression, not a hole) (and vs. meatus, which is a canal-like passage, does not go all the way through)

All 206 bones and their markings will be on the lab practical. → You can take your list of bones with you and use it to check them off Axial Skeleton includes: Cranium, facial bones, vertebrae, sternum, and the ribs → Cranial bones contain the brain and are fused together at points of fusion (sutures) (frontal → parietal → occipital; temporal on the side) → zygomatic process is actually part of the temporal bone, as are the manibular notch and styloid process → temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects temporal bone and manible → Zygomatic bone = cheek bone; maxilla = upper jaw and top teeth; lacrimal bones are near the tear ducts (to the left and right of the nasal bones); nasal bones are near the nose (two straight bones); mandible is the lower jaw (and lower teeth) and includes a condyle and the coronoid process; sphenoid bone = to the left and right of the lacrimal bones AND below/beneath the nasal bones (can be seen in the inferior section of the eye sockets); “machete-shaped” bone above maxilla = vomer; near the vomer (but incredibly hard to see) are the palatine and ethmoid bone → Vertebral column = stack of 24 bones; labeled by region first seven bones = cervical vertebrae next twelve bones = thoracic vertebrae bottom five bones = lumbar vertebrae (tip for recall: eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner is usually done at 7AM, 12PM, and 5PM) parts of any vertebrae: body (larger rounded section, bears the load); intervertebral disk (prevents friction between vertebrae); transverse processes on the left and right sides of the vertebrae; spinous process out the back of the vertebrae (bumps felt on your back); center opening (intervertebral foramen) (which protects the spinal cord) is formed by several structures, including “bar-like” sections called pedicles (“feet” of the vertebrae) (which attach to the transverse processes) and a “butterfly-wing” shaped segment called the lamina (between the spinous and transverse processes) as well as the body; superior and articular processes and facets; (note: spinal column shrinks in size as you progress down to the lumbar vertebrae, so structures will become smaller as well) Axial Skeleton – Bone Lab Lecture # 2 (continuing from the description of the vertebrae) differentiating cervical vertebrae: only cervical vertebrae have transverse foramen (naturally near the transverse process) and a bifurcated spinous process (split in half; not always present, but still a key feature); spinous process points “backwards” in lateral view differentiating thoracic vertebrae: downward-pointing spinous process from lateral view; extra facets located along the body (for junction of the ribs) differentiating lumbar vertebrae: lateral view is not an ideal way to identify features; transverse processes tend to be shortest in the lumbar vertebrae, while the body is larger and thicker (as it bears the most load); superior and inferior articular processes will be well-pronounced, and the spinous process is NOT spiky but is instead flat and “axe-shaped” or “almost square” Specific Cervical Vertebrae to know for labeling an articulated (complete) skeleton: C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) (if the skeleton is articulated, know the numbers; if it is disarticulated, identify the region, except for the atlas and axis which are distinctive over other vertebrae) → C1 (atlas), like other cervical vertebrae, have transverse foramen; however, they LACK a vertebral body; spinous process is small; projections that articulate with the occipital condyles are present; also articulates with the C2 (axis) by a fossa

→ C2 (axis) has small and inwardly-angled transverse foramen; spinous process is also small; superior articular facets connect to the atlas (C1); contains a superior-pointed (upward) structure called the dens which allows for lateral rotation of the head (the dens connects to the flat fossa on the interior of the C1/atlas) Sacrum and the Coccyx (located at the bottom of the vertebrae) Sacrum = five vertebrae fused together which all contain foramen Coccyx = three to four vertebrae fused together Sternum = manubrium (top bone) which connects to clavicles and lower sternum; body of the sternum; and the xyphoid process (bottom of the sternum) (note: when identifying a bone, also identify a marking that goes with it; i.e. “jugular notch of the manubrium of the sternum” specifically, not just “manubrium”) Ribs must be labeled by specific number (12 pairs) → Some are “true,” others “false,” others “floating True ribs have their own costal cartilage (attaching to the sternum) (ribs 1-7) False ribs fuse their cartilage before it connects to the sternum (ribs 8, 9, and 10) Floating ribs have no attachment to the sternum (ribs 11 and 12)

The Axial Skeleton: The cranial bones  Frontal bone  Parietal bone  Temporal bone o Zygomatic process o Mandibular fossa o Styloid process o Mastoid process  Occipital bone o Foramen magnum o Occipital condyles o External occipital protuberance  Sphenoid bone  Ethmoid bone The facial bones  Mandible o Mandibular condyle o Coronoid process o Mandibular notch  Maxillae  Palatine bone  Zygomatic bone  Lacrimal bone  Nasal bone  Vomer bone The hyoid bone The vertebral column General markings to find on typical vertebra:  Pedicle  Superior articular process  Transverse process  Lamina  Spinous process  Body  Vertebral foramen Cervical vertebrae  Include C1 through C7  C1 – The Atlas o Anterior tubercle o Superior articular facet (articulates with skull) o Transverse foramen o Inferior articular surface (articulates with Axis)  C2 – The Axis o Body o Dens o Superior articular surface (articulates with Atlas) o Transverse foramen

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o Inferior articular process o Spinous process C3 – C7 – general components o Transverse foramen

Thoracic vertebrae  T1 – T12 – general components  Transverse process  Body (somewhat heart shaped)  Spinous process (long with sharp downward hook) Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5 – general components  Vertebral foramen  Body (massive and block-like)  Spinous process (hatchet shaped and extend backwards) The Sacrum Five fused vertebrae  Median sacral crest (remnant of spinous processes)  Sacral canal (passage of nerves)  Sacral promontory (anterior border of body of S1)  Apex (point of attachment for Coccyx) The Coccyx Fusion of 3 -5 small, irregular shaped vertebrae The sternum  Manubrium o Jugular notch o Clavicular notch  Body o Sternal angle (formation between manubrium and sternum)  Xiphoid process The ribs  12 pair – general components  Shaft  Head  Neck  Tubercle  Costal facet Pair 1-7, the true rib Directly attach to sternum by their “own” costal cartilage Pairs 8-12, the false ribs Attach indirectly to the sternum or lack attachment Pair 8-10, vertebrochondral ribs Have indirect attachment to sternum Pair 11 and 12, the floating ribs Have no attachment to sternum

The Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder Girdle and Upper Extremity  Scapulae o Acromion o Coracoid process o Gleniod cavity o Suprascapular notch o Supraspinous fossa o Spine of scapulae o Infraspinous fossa o Supscapular fossa o Subscapular fossa  Clavicle o Acromial end o Sternal end o Conoid tubercle  Humerous o Head o Greater tubercle o Lesser tubercle o Anatomical neck o Lateral epicondyle o Capitulum o Coranoid fossa o Trochlea o Medial epicondyle o Olecranon fossa o Radial fossa  Radius o Head o Neck o Radial tuberosity o Styloid process  Ulna o Trochlear notch o Coranoid process o Olecranon process o Radial notch o Styloid process  Carpals o Scaphoid (some) o Lunate (lovers) o Triquetrium (try) o Pisiform (positions) o Trapezium (that) o Trapezoid (they) o Capitate (can’t) o Hamate (handle)  Metacarpals (1-5)  Phalanges o Proximal (1-5) o Middle(2-5) o Distal (1-5)

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Extremity  Ilium o Iliac crest o Iliac spine (there are 4 of these) o Greater sciatic notch  Ischium o Ischial tuberosity o Lesser sciatic notch o Ischial ramus  Pubis o Inferior ramus of pubis o Pubic crest o Pubic symphysis o Superior ramus of pubis  Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis) o Acetablum o Obturator foramen  Femur o Head o Neck o Fovea capitis o Intertrochanteric line o Greater trochanter o Lesser trochanter o Gluteal tuberosity o Linea aspera o Medial condyle o Lateral condyle o Medial epicondyle o Lateral epicondyle o Intercondylar notch  Fibula o Head o Lateral malleolus  Tibia o Lateral condyle o Medial condyle o Intercondylar eminence o Anterior crest o Medial malleolus o Tibial tuberosity  Tarsals o Calcaneus o Talus o Navicular o Cuboid o Medial cuneiform o Intermediate cuneiform o Lateral cuneiform  Metatarsals (1-5)  Phalanges o Proximal (1-5) o Middle (2-5) o Distal (1-5)...