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18‐447Lecture1: IntrotoComputerArchitecture

JamesC.Hoe DepartmentofECE CarnegieMellonUniversity

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S1,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Housekeeping • Yourgoaltoday – knowwhatyouaregettinginto – decideifyouarecomingback...

• Notices – completestudentsurveyonCanvas,dueWed2/10 – H01:syllabus – Lab1outonWed; formgroupsof2or3

• Readings – P&HCh1 – P&HCh2.1~2.10(nexttime) 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S2,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Whatis18‐447? • 18‐213:IntroductiontoComputerSystems – “C”asthemodelofcomputation – interactwiththecomputerhardwarethroughOS – whataboutthedetailsbelowtheabstraction?

Somehowaprogramends upexecutingasdigitallogic • 18‐240:FundamentalsofComputerEngineering – digitallogicasthemodelofcomputation – gatesandwiresasbuildingblocks – whataboutthedetailsbelowthisabstraction? 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S3,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

18‐447:FuzzytoConcrete 18‐213

• “ComputerArchitecture” – functionalspecforsoftwareandprogrammers – designspecforthehardwarepeople

• ComputerOrganization – takearchitectureto“micro”architecture – howtoassemble/evaluate/tune

• ComputationStructures – digitalrepresentations – processing,storageandI/Oelements 18‐240 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S4,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

WhatisaComputer? • Computer,2.a. Acalculating‐machine;esp.an automaticelectronicdeviceforperforming mathematicalorlogicaloperations;freq.with definingwordprefixed,asanalogue,digital, electroniccomputer. ‐‐‐ OxfordEnglishDictionary,circa2000

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S5,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

SomeFamiliarComputers

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S6,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

[imagesfromWikipedia]

Whereisthecomputer?

[imagesfromWikipedia] 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S7,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Moderncomputingisasmuchabout enhancingcapabilitiesasdataprocessing!!

Keepingupwiththetimes • Computer,3.Anelectronicdevice(orsystemof devices)whichisusedtostore,manipulate,and communicateinformation,performcomplex calculations,orcontrolorregulateotherdevicesor machines,andiscapableofreceivinginformation... andofprocessingitinaccordancewithvariable proceduralinstructions...usedesp.forhandling text,images,music,andvideo,accessingandusing theInternet,communicatingwithotherpeople(e.g. bymeansofemail),andplayinggames. ‐‐‐ OxfordEnglishDictionary,circa2018 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S8,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Sowhatmakesacomputeracomputer? Processing control (sequencing)

Storage (program anddata)

I/O

datapath

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S9,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Havingprogramstoredasdataisan extremely importantstep inthe evolutionofcomputerarchitectures

“Canonical”ComputerOrganization CPU ALU

CPU RF

cache

ALU

RF

cache Memory“Bus”

MainMemory (DRAM)

I/O Bridge

I/O“Bus” Disk Video

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S10,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Kbd& Net‐ Mouse work

AtmelATmega8 state I/O logic

[imagefromWikipedia]

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S11,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Page9Atmel8‐bitAVRATmega8Databook

ComputerArchitectureisEngineering • Anapplieddisciplineoffindingandoptimizing solutionsunderthejointconstraints ofdemand,technology,economics, andethics • Thus,instancesofwhatwepractice evolvecontinuously • Needtolearntheprinciples thatgovernhowtodevelop solutionstomeetconstraints • Don’tmemorizeinstances; understandwhyitisthatway 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S12,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

CourseLogistics • PleasepayattentiontoCanvasandPiazzafor updatesandannouncements • H01:Syllabus – thisisourcontractfortheterm – pleasereadit

• Lecturescheduleonline – http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/schedule.html – readingassignmentsaretobecompletedbefore lecture – payattentiontomidtermdates;thetimeto resolveconflictsisrightnow 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S13,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

SpecialNoticesaboutLabs • Lab1startsonWed – RISC‐Vsimulator(Ccode) – single‐cycleRISC‐V(RTLVerilog)

• Togetready – getaGitHubaccount – findlabpartners

• Pleaseobserve – – – –

labassignmentsMUSTbedoneingroupsof2or3 entiregroupMUSTbepresentduringcheck‐off 10%perdaypenaltyforlatelabs,cappedat50% alllabsMUSTbecheckedofftopassthecourse

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S14,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

HistoricalPerspectives: preludetomoderncomputerarchitecture

Youshouldread“HistoricalPerspectives”atendofP&Hchapters. Formore,read“AHistoryofModernComputing”byCeruzzi. 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S15,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

ForcesonInnovation • Timelyinnovationsarerarelyuniqueororiginal • Similarconstraintsleadtosimilarengineering solutions

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S16,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

BeginningsofDigitalComputing • IndustrialRevolutionera’s“hi‐tech”inmechanization – steamengines – mechanicalcalculators, – Jacquard’sloom: gears,pulleys, chainsand punchcards

[imagesfromWikipedia] 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S17,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

CharlesBabbage(1791‐1871) • DifferenceEngine,1823:aspecial‐purposecomputer – evaluatedpolynomialfunctionsbyNewton'smethod ofsuccessivedifferences(requiringonlyadditions) – eventuallybuiltbyGeorg andEdvardSchuetzin1855

• AnalyticalEngine,1833:ageneral‐purposecomputer – programmedbypunchcards,“assembly language”includedloopsandbranches – 1000word datastore,punchcardI/O – unfortunately nevercompleted (wouldhavebeen10x30meters, steam‐enginepowered) [imagesfromWikipedia]

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S18,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

100YearsofTechnologyAdvances • Mechanical,1800s – gears,chains,pulleys,andsteampower – punchcards!!

• Electromechanical,early1900s – switches,relays,“acoustic”delayline“memory” – e.g. Harvard/IBMMark1,Aiken1939~1944,50ftlong, 5ton,750Kparts,3~6secperaddition UsedideasfromAnalyticalEngine

• Electrical,mid1900sandon – plugboards,vacuumtubes,CRTs – andlaterDRUM,core,transistorsandsoon..... Changingdemandsandeconomics?

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S19,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

ENIAC,1946 EckertandMauchly,UofPenn

[imagesfromWikipedia]

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S20,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

• thefirstprogrammable electronicdigitalcomputer • 18,000vacuumtubes • 30ton,80by8.5feet • 1900additionspersecond • 2010‐decimal‐digitwords (100‐wordcoreby1952) • Programmedby3000 switchesinthefunctiontable andplug‐cables(later becamestoredprogramfor fasterprogramloading)

Proliferationin40sand50s • From“MooreSchoolLectures” – – – – –

ENIAC,Eckert&Mauchly,1946(revealed) EDVAC,vonNeumann,1944~1952 EDSAC,Wilkes,1949(firststored‐programbuilt) IAS,Bigelow,1952 ORDVAC,SEAC,MANIAC,JOHNIAC,ILLIAC...

• Theywerenotalone: – ABC,AtanasoffandBerry,39~42 – Z3,Z4,KonradZuselate30’searly40’s – Colossus,AlanTuring,1943

• Don’tforgetsoftwareadvances‐‐‐Fortranwasfirst donein1954 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S21,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Commercializationinthe50s • UNIVAC(1951)thefirstcommercialcomputer contractprice$400K,actualcost~$1M,sold48copies

• IBM701(1952)“leased”19units,$12Kpermonth (www‐1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/701_customers.html)

• IBM650(1953)sold~2000unitsat$200K~400K • IBMSystem/360,1964RedefinedIndustry!! – afamilyofbinarycompatible computers (previously,IBMhad4incompatiblelines) – 19combinationsofvaryingspeedandmemory capacityfrom$200K~$2M – ISAstillalivetodayinz/Architecturemainframes 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S22,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

CheaperorFasterin60sand70s • Minicomputers – DECPDP‐8,1965,$20K,sizeoflargerefrigerators – lesspowerfulthan“mainframes”,10xcheaper – departmentalcomputers,timesharing‐‐‐PDP‐11and VAXsenjoyedextremepopularityinthe70sand80s

• Supercomputers – performanceatallcost!!(ECL,liquid‐cool,hand‐built) – biggestcustomers:nationalsecurity,nuclearweapons, cryptography,(alsoaerospace,petroleum,automotive, pharmaceutical,sciences) – seeSeymourCray(1925~1996)onWikipedia 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S23,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Whathappenedtothesecomputerlines?

[imagesfromWikipedia]

EarlyExamples

DECPDP8,1963 anearlymini 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S24,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

XeroxAlto,1973 anearly“PC”with mouseandGUI

Cray3,1993

90KW:liquidcooledby“Fluorinert” $30,000,000 15GFLOPS(1seconCray3 67yearsENIAC) 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S25,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

[imagesfromWikipedia]

The“KillerMicros”from70sandon • Intel4004,firstsinglechipCPU – 4‐bitprocessorforcalculator – 2,300transistors – 16‐pinDIPpackage – 740kHz(eightclockcyclesper CPUcycleof10.8sec) – ~100KOPspersecond downloadtheactualschematic fromwww.4004.com [fromMolecularExpressions] 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S26,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

IntelItanium(Montecito)2004 • 64‐bitprocessor • 1.7billiontransistors • 1.7GHz,issueupto8 instructionspercycle • 26MByteofcache!!

[fromBestServersof2004, MicroprocessorReport,January2005.]

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S27,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

In~30years,about 100,000fold growth intransistorcountand performance!

TheEraofMoore’sLaw

[http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm] Originalarticleathttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=658762 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S28,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

The“Other”Moore’sLaw

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S29,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

TheActualMoore’sLaw

[CrammingMoreComponentsOntoIntegratedCircuits,G.E.Moore,1965] 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S30,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

TheEndofMoore’sLaw?

[Tri‐gateFinFET,IntelNewsroom,2015] 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S31,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Distancebetweensiliconatoms~500pm

Moore’sLawwithoutDennardScaling 100

2013Intl.TechnologyRoadmapforSemiconductors logicdensity VDD

10

>16x

1

25% node“label”141075

3.5

2.5

1.8

??

Underfixedpowerceiling,moreops/second onlyachievableiflessJoules/op?

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S32,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Whymulticoreseverywhere? technology normalized power (Watt)

Pentium4 Bettertoreplace1ofthis by2ofthese; OrNof these

486 EnergyperInstructionTrendsinIntel® Microprocessors,Grochowskietal.,2006

PowerPerf1.75

technology normalized performance (op/sec)

Moore’sLawScalingwithCores

little core

BigCore

1970~2005 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S34,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

little little core core little little core core

little core

little little core core

little core

little core

little little core core

little core

little core

little little core core

little core

little core

little little core core

little core

2005~rightaboutnow

Futureisabout Performance/Watt andOps/Joule little little little core core core

BigCore

W do with a GPGPU

little little little core

FPGA

ittle core

m Logic

Thisisasignofdesperation.... 18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S35,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021

Wheredowegofromhere? (http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/schedule.html)

18‐447‐S21‐L01‐S36,JamesC.Hoe,CMU/ECE/CALCM,©2021...