Lab 1 ENS371 S01 Farah Hamzah PDF

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ENS 371 Lab 1: Fundamentals Hamzah Farah Instructor: Syed A. Rizvi Due Date: 10/2/2021

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Introduction Within the first lab assignment we will compare theoretical and experimental results in circuits that include just resistors, resistors and capacitors, resistors and inductors and all three combined in one circuit which is also known as a RLC circuit. We will build these circuits using Multisim software and take down measurements for each part of the lab. The Lab consists of four circuits. We will use a DC power source as well as AC power source for each one of the circuits. Measurements of the voltages and currents will be taken using Multisim software. Theoretical calculations using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law will be used to confirm experimental results. The approach for the theoretical results will be different with the DC and AC power sources.

Objective: To interpret and compare theoretical results of applying a physical law with actual experimental results.

Experiment: Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) using only current and voltage measurements on several single closed loop circuit configurations containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors powered by DC and AC voltage sources.

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Procedure Experiment 1.1: Resistive Circuit We will build the circuit in Figure 1 using Multisim: R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 40 Ω, and R3 = 40 Ω. Then take measurements of VR1, VR2, VR3, I, R1. First, we will take these measurements using a 100V DC power supply and then replace the 100V DC power supply with a 100V RMS AC power supply at 60Hz.

Experimental Results: VS

VR1

VR2

VR3

I

R1= (VR1/I)

VR1+VR2+VR3

100 V DC

20

40

40

1

20

100

100 V RMS AC

20

40

40

1

20

100

Questions and Answers: 1. How did resistors behave under DC and AC sources? Was resistors’ behavior consistent with their theoretical model? A: Both DC and AC sources behaved the same within the resistive circuit. The theoretical results were identical to the experimental results 2. Is VS = VR1 + VR2 + VR3 for both DC and AC sources? A: For both AC and DC sources the Voltage total was 100V.

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Calculations: KVL for Resistance Circuit R1=20 Ω, R2 = R3 = 40 Ω KVL: 100 - I1(20) - I1(40) - I1(40) = 0 100 - I1(100) = 0 -I1(100) = -100 -I1(100)100 = -100*100 I1=1A 100 - (1)*(100) = 0

1.1 Circuit design using Multisim: DC:

AC:

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Experiment 1.2: RL Circuit We will build an RL circuit using Multisim software just like in Figure 2: R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 40 Ω, and L = 212.2 mH. We will take our experimental measurements using Multisim for both AC and DC for VS, VR1, VR2, VL, I, XL, and Vtotal. Note that we now have impedance within the circuit because inductors work with an AC power supply and now the circuits contain reactive power flow.

VS

VR1

VR2

VL

I

XL= (VL/I)

VR1+VR2+VL

100 V DC

33.33

67.67

0

1.67

0

100

100 V RMS AC

20

40

80

1

80

140

Questions and Answers: 1.How did inductor behave under DC and AC sources? Was inductors’ behavior consistent with its theoretical model? Explain your answer? Under DC voltage the inductor had 0V and therefore the impedance was 0Ω as well within VL. Once switching the power source to AC we started recording voltage across VL=80V. 2. Is VS = VR1 + VR2 + VR3 for both DC and AC sources? VS ≠ VR1 + VR2 + VL for AC source, but VS = VR1 + VR2 + VL for DC power circuits

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Calculations:

KVL for RL Circuit R1=20, R2=40, L=212.2 mH Vrms = VR1+VR2+VL AC calculations: Vrms=IR1+ IR2+ L*(dI/dt) 100=I[R1+R2] + L*(dI/dt) 100=I[20+40] + (212.2*10^-3)*(dI/dt) 100=60I + (212.2*10^-3)*(dI/dt) (212.2*10^-3)*(dI/dt) = 100 - 60I I = 1A (dI/dt) = (100 – 60)/(212.2*10^-3) (dI/dt) = 188.5 c/s 0= -100Vrms+60(1A) + (212.2*10^-3)*(188.5) 0= -100Vrms+100

1.2 Circuit design using Multisim: DC:

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AC

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Experiment 1.3: RC Circuit In this experiment we will build an RC circuit using Multisim software Figure 3: R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 40 Ω, and C = 33.16 uF. We will measure VS, VR1, VR2,VL, I, XL, Voltage total using both AC and DC power sources.

VS

VR1

VR2

VC

I

XC=

VR1+VR2+VC

(VC/I) 100 V DC

2.004uV 4.004uV

100V

100 nA

1000

100V

Mega Ω 100 V RMS AC 20.042V 40.084V 79.904V

1.254

63.72 Ω

140.03V

Questions and Answers: 1. How did resistors behave under DC and AC sources? Was resistors’ behavior consistent with their theoretical model? A: There was an apparent difference in the experimental values within the RC circuit using the AC and DC power sources 2. Is V S = V R1 + V R2 + V R3 for both DC and AC sources? VS ≠ VR1 + VR2 + VL for AC source, but VS = VR1 + VR2 + VL for DC power circuits

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1.3 RC Circuit design using Multisim: DC

AC

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Experiment 1.4: RLC Circuit We will build An RLC circuit. This circuit consists of all three components which include a Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor. After building an RLC circuit, we will measure the voltages and current as we did before. Then we will use measured data to construct additional data that can help finding the phase information for the measured currents and voltages.

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1.3 RLC Circuit design using Multisim: AC

DC

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***In the previous experiments, we have learned how we can find the magnitude of the inductive or capacitive reactance from the magnitudes of the voltage across and the current through that circuit element. We will use that information to find now the equivalent impedance, Z, of the circuits in experiments 1.2 through as outlined in the following Tables.

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Conclusion: Within this lab we have experimented with four different circuits using both AC and DC power supplies and make observations of how these power supplies impacted the circuits. . All circuits were experimentally measured and built using Multisim and Then theoretically calculated. The observation made is that there is certainly a difference using a DC and AC power supply when using components such as inductors and capacitors. These components produce or absorb reactive power within an AC circuit when activated. We observed that VS ≠ VR1 + VR2 + VL for AC source. The reason is that AC quantities are time-varying, and they need two parameters to be accurately described. Those two parameters are: (1) magnitude and (2) phase angle (accounts for lead or lag time with respect to a reference). We also have learned how we can find the magnitude of the inductive or capacitive reactance from the magnitudes of the voltage across and the current through that circuit element. We will use that information to find now the equivalent impedance, Z. then compare the Z’ (the magnitude of the circuit impedance measured) with calculated Z, in which they both should have the same values. In the real world both AC and DC are important in power and distribution as well as everyday modern electronics in household and commercial usage. The understanding of both power supplies is crucial to society as both play and essential role depending on whether you are distributing power from generators or generating AC power from your alternator in your car and then converting it to DC within the automobile. Its Essential in Electrical Engineering to understanding the impact of these two power supplies on different components within circuits.

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Lab Handout

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