Lab 1 Intro to Science- eScience Lab PDF

Preview

Summary

Lab 1
Intro to Science for Anatomy and Physiology 1-through eScience Labs...

Description

Introduction to Science EXERCISE 1: DATA INTERPRETATION Dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid. Because many living organisms require oxygen to survive, it is a necessary component of water systems (streams, lakes, rivers, etc.) to support aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen is measured in units of ppm (parts per million). Examine the data in Table 4, which shows the amount of dissolved oxygen present and the number of fish observed in the body of water from which the sample was taken. Then, answer the questions below.

Table 4: Water Quality Versus Fish Population Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)

0

2

4

6

10

12

14 16

18

Number of Fish Observed

0

1

3

10 12 13

15

10 12

13

8

1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 4? The patterns observed are as follows: The variables have a steady positive correlation, as one variable increases, so does the other As the variables increase, the level of variation between the variables increases 2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water. Hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water: As the dissolved oxygen (ppm) increases, so will the fish observed 3. What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis? To test my above hypothesis, my experimental approach would be to control the amount of dissolved oxygen (ppm) in a test body of water (independent variable) and then observe the number of fish (dependent variable). I would first observe the number of fish in the body of water, then vary the level of dissolved oxygen to determine the change in fish observed. 4. What would be the independent and dependent variables? The independent variable would be the (ppm) of dissolved oxygen, and the dependent variable would the number of fish observed. 5. What would be your control? My control would be the specific area in the body of water where the observation and experiment took place. If the experiment was over a span of a few days, other controls could be time of day and/or temperature of the water. A negative control would be water with 0ppm dissolved oxygen

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science 6. What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why? An appropriate graph would be a line graph, with the independent variable (the (ppm) of dissolved oxygen) being on the x-axis 7. Graph the data from Table 4. Graph shown below:

8. Interpret the data from the graph you made in Question 7. The data shows that as the dissolved oxygen (ppm) increases, the number of fish may also increase. The higher the level of dissolved oxygen, the larger number of fish that part of the water can support.

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science EXERCISE 2: TESTABLE OBSERVATIONS Determine which of the observations below are testable. For those that are testable: • • • • • • • •

Determine if the observation is qualitative or quantitative. Write a hypothesis and a null hypothesis. What is your experimental approach? What are the dependent and independent variables? What are your controls, both positive and negative? How will you collect your data? How will you present your data (e.g., chart, graph, type )? How will you analyze your data?

Observations 1. A plant grows three inches faster per day when placed on a windowsill than it does when placed on a coffee table in the middle of the living room. This observation is testable • Determine if the observation is qualitative or quantitative. o The observation is quantitative • Write a hypothesis and a null hypothesis. o Hypothesis- the plant will grow faster per when placed near light (on a windowsill than when placed out of the sunlight (on a coffee table in the middle of the living room) o Null Hypothesis- the plant will grow the same speed regardless of the light given/placement of the plant. • What is your experimental approach? o The experimental approach I would take would be to plant an equal number of seeds in three exact same pots. They would be treated the exact same (watered the same amount, same room temperature), except one would be in the middle of the room on a coffee table (no direct light), and one would be placed on a windowsill (near direct light) and one would be placed in a dark room (i.e. a closet)l. I could then see if the placement and light exposure influences the plant growth. • What are the dependent and independent variables? o The independent variable is the placement of the plant, the dependent variable is the inches of growth per plant. • What are your controls, both positive and negative? o A positive control would be the plant in the light on the windowsill. o A negative control would be the plant in the dark. • How will you collect your data? o The data would be collected by measuring the plant at different intervals (i.e. days) • How will you present your data (e.g., chart, graph, type)? o The date would be best presented in a line graph with a separate line for each plant. ©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science •

How will you analyze your data? o The data would be analyzed by comparing the growth over a time period for the different placements of the plants.

2. The bank teller with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other tellers. This is observation is not testable 3. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she eats fatty foods and does not exercise. This observation is testable • Determine if the observation is qualitative or quantitative. o This observation is quantitative • Write a hypothesis and a null hypothesis o Hypothesis- Sally’s BP is lower when she eats healthy food and exercises regularly compared to when she eats fatty foods and does not exercise. o Null Hypothesis- Sally’s BP will not change with the introduction of healthy foods and regular exercise. • What is your experimental approach? o My experimental approach would be to record Sally’s BP without any changes to her regular lifestyle for a set amount of time, (i.e. 2 weeks), then have Sally’s eat healthy and exercise for the same amount of time while recording her BP, and then finally to record her BP when she does not exercise and eats fatty foods. • What are the dependent and independent variables? o The independent variable is Sally’s lifestyles choices, and the dependent variable is Sally’s BP recordings. • What are your controls, both positive and negative? o The controls would be the time frame recorded for (two weeks as listed above), the subject, and day/specific time of day the recording were taken. o Positive control would be when Sally is making healthy lifestyle choices o Negative control would be when Sally has not made any lifestyle changes • How will you collect your data? o Data would be collected by taking Sally’s blood pressure at various, set times during the phase periods (no changes, healthy lifestyle, unhealthy lifestyle). The recordings would be taken and at the same intervals during the period (I.e. every 2 days at 12:30pm) • How will you present your data (e.g., chart, graph, type)? o Depending on the amount of data, a bar graph or a line graph would be acceptable ▪ If there was one BP reading per trial, it would be best to present the date in a bar graph with each bar representing a trial. This would also work for a set of recordings that were reduced to an average. ▪ If there were multiple recordings per trial, it would be best to plot each recording in a line graph. All three trials would be plotted on the same graph with the x axis being time of recording (ex: day 2, day 4) and the y axis being BP. • How will you analyze your data? ©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science o

The data would be analyzed by comparing the readings depending on the lifestyle during that trial. If there was a decrease in BP during the healthy- lifestyle trial then the hypothesis is accepted.

4. The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm, but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm. This is observation is not testable 5. For the past two days, the clouds have come out at 3 pm, and it has started raining at 3:15 pm. This is observation is not testable 6. George did not sleep at all the night following the start of Daylight Savings Time. This is observation is not testable

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science EXERCISE 3: CONVERSION Use Figure 9 to convert each value into the designated units. Submit this exercise to your professor when completed.

Figure 9: Conversions for temperature, time, mass, and length.

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science 1. 46,756,790 mg = ___46.75679____ kg (move the decimal point 6 spots to the left)

1. 5.6 hours = _____20160___ seconds (60*60=3600 seconds/hour, 5.6 *3600)

2. 13.5 cm = ___5.315_____ inches (13.5/2.54)

3. 47 °F = ____8.333___ °C (47-32) * (5/9)

4. 0.45 miles = ____720___ meters (0.45*1.6)(1000)

5. 9.3 pounds = ___4218.48___ grams (9.3*16)(28.35)

6. 3.5 days = ___302400___ seconds (24*3600)*(3.5)

7. 22 C = ___71.6____ F

22=(F-32)*(5/9) → 22*(9/5)= (f-32) → 39.6+32=f

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science EXERCISE 4: ACCURACY AND PRECISION Determine whether the following statements are accurate, precise, both, or neither. Circle your answer. 1. During gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit-ups in one minute. The first student did 64 sit-ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67.

Accurate

Precise

Neither

Both

8. The average score for the 5th-grade math test is 89.5. The top 5th graders took the test and scored 89, 93, 91, and 87.

Accurate

Precise

Neither

Both

9. Yesterday the temperature was 89 °F, tomorrow it’s supposed to be 88 °F, and the next day it’s supposed to be 90 °F, even though the average temperature for September is 75 °F.

Accurate

Precise

Neither

Both

10. Four friends decided to play horseshoes. They took a picture of their results.

Horseshoes thrown at a stake. Accurate

Precise

Neither

Both

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science 11. A local grocery store held a contest to see who could most closely guess the number of pennies inside a large jar. The first six people guessed the numbers 735, 209, 390, 300, 1005, and 689. The grocery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies.

Accurate

Precise

Neither

Both

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science EXERCISE 5: SIGNIFICANT DIGITS AND SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Part 1 Determine the number of significant digits in each number, and write the specific significant digits. 1. 405000 there are three significant digits (4, 0, 5)

12. 0.0098 there are two significant digits (9,8)

13. 39.999999 there are eight significant digits (3,9,9,9,9,9,9,9)

14. 13.00 there are four significant digits (1,3,0,0)

15. 80,000,089 there are eight significant digits (8,0,0,0,0,0.8,9)

16. 55,430.00 there are seven significant digits (5,5,4,3,0,0,0)

17. 0.000033 there are two significant digits (3,3)

18. 620.03080 there are eight significant digits (6,2,0,0,3,0,8,0)

Part 2 Convert each regular number into scientific notation. 1. 70,000,000,000 7x10^10

19. 0.000000048 4.8x10^-8

20. 67,890,000 6.789x10^7

21. 70,500 7.05x10^4

22. 450,900,800 4.509008x10^8 ©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science 23. 0.009045 9.045x10^-3

24. 0.023 2.3x10^-2

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science EXERCISE 6: PERCENTAGE ERROR Determine the percentage error in each scenario. Show your work on all problems.

1. A dad holds five coins in his hand. He tells his son that if he can guess the amount of money he is holding within 5% error, he can have the money. The son guesses that dad is holding 81 cents. The dad opens his hand and displays 90 cents. Did the son guess close enough to get the money? - No the son did not guess close enough to get the money - ((81-90)/90)x100= 10 - 10%> 5% 2. A science teacher tells her class that the final project requires students to measure a specific variable and determine the velocity of a car with no more than 2.5% error. Jennifer and Johnny work hard and decide the velocity of the car is 34.87 m/s. The teacher informs them that the actual velocity is 34.15 m/s. Will Jennifer and Johnny get a passing grade on their final project? - Yes, Jennifer and Johnny will get a passing grade - ((34.87-34.15)/34.15)x100= 2.10 - 2.10%< 2.5%

3. A train is on its way from Chicago, IL to Madison, WI. The trip is said to last 3.15 hours. When the train arrives in Madison, the conductor notices the trip took 3.26 hours. The train company prides itself on always having its trains arrive within a 3% error of the expected time. Will the train company live up to its reputation on this trip? - No the company will not live up to it reputation on this trip - ((3.26-3.15)/3.15)x100= 3.49 - 3%< 3.49%

4. A coach tells his Little League players that hitting a 0.275 batting average, within 7% error, means that they had a really great season. Seven-year-old Tommy ended the season with a 0.258 batting average. According to his coach, did Tommy have a great season? - According to his coach, yes Tommy had a great season - ((0.258-0.275)/0.275)x100= 6.18 - 6.18%< 7%

©eScience Labs, 2016

Introduction to Science EXERCISE 7: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES Determine the variables tested in each of the following experiments. If applicable, determine and identify any positive or negative controls. 1. A study is being done to test the effects of habitat space on the size of fish populations. Different sized aquariums are set up with six goldfish in each one. Over a period of six months, the fish are fed the same type and amount of food. The aquariums are equally maintained and cleaned throughout the experiment. The temperature of the water is kept constant. At the end of the experiment, the number of surviving fish are surveyed.

A. Independent Variable: the size of aquarium B. Dependent Variable: the number of surviving fish C. Controls: Consistent type and amount of food given, cleanliness and maintenance throughout the experiment, consistent temperature of the aquariums a positive control could be a space that we know that the amount of tested fish would survive, and a negative control could be a space where we know there would be no fish survival. 2. To determine if the type of agar affects bacterial growth, a scientist cultures E. coli on four different types of agar. Five petri dishes are set up to collect results:

• One with nutrient agar and E. coli • One with mannitol-salt agar and E. coli • One with MacConkey agar and E. coli • One with LB agar and E. coli • One with nutrient agar but NO E. coli a. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the type of agar B. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the E. Coli bacterial growth C. Controls: A negative control would be the nutrient agar with no E. Coli as this dish does not have the dependent variable present.

©eScience Labs, 2016...