Lab 3 sarcopterygii and actinopterygii PDF

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Summary

EEB 111 - Biology of Vertebrates
Professor - Caitlin Brown
Summary - Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii...

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Lab 3: Bony fishes EEB 111 Week 3

1

Introduction

This is the final lab showcasing extinct and extant jawed fishes. Today we will explore the final two of our five lineages: Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and Sarcopterygii, the lobe-finned fishes. Class Sarcopterygii contains two distinct groups: Actinistia, the coelacanths, and Dipnoi, the lungfishes. Actinistia and Dipnoi: These lineages of bony fishes (coelacanth and lungfishes, respectively) comprise the extant lobe-finned fishes. The rays of the paired fins of lobed-finned fishes extend from a central shaft in a feather-like or leaf-like manner (in contrast to the fan-like form of the rays in the paired fins of actinopterygians, the ray-finned fishes). The coelacanths were unknown to people outside their habitats until 1938, when Miss Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer discovered this ”fossil” lineage in Comoros. In 1997 a second population was discovered near Sulawesi, Indonesia. Deep water inhabitants, these fish were rarely caught by humans until intense scientific interest lead to unsustainable capture. The fleshy paired fins with robust bony supports are developmentally similar to our limbs. The lungfishes often have less robust fins, but share features with early tetrapods (also called ”fishapods”) such as well-developed lungs and a dorso-ventrally flattened head. We will see live examples of lungfish and turtles during lab 6. →Which clade of fish do we, human tetrapods, belong to?

This lab also covers the Actinopterygian lineage, the most numerous and diverse group of living fish. Class Actinopterygii consists of the ray-finned fishes. These fishes have an ossified bony skeleton with numerous slender fin supports radiating from the base of the fin. The majority of extant fish species are teleosts, a clade that has protrusible jaws and mobile pharyngeal jaws. The pharyngeal jaws will not be visible in lab specimens, but the protrusible jaw is noticeably uptuned and slung beneath the cranium (see figure 66). Swimming patterns and body shapes are highly variable in Actinopterygians, reflecting adaptations to a variety of habitats (figure 6-13). This week, focus on traits that help these fish interact with their environments, such as rocky near-shore areas, California’s offshore kelp, or attach to other marine vertebrates. Most of these fishes respire with gills; water enters through the mouth, passes over the gills, and then exits through a single gill opening, which is covered with a bony plate called an operculum. Some basal actinopterygian fishes, such as the bichirs, sturgeons, gars, and bowfin, supplement gill breathing with lungs when living in oxygen-poor waters. These fishes may have a heterocercal tail. Most actinopterygiian fishes have a homocercal tail. Fertilization is usually external, but internal fertilization does occur in some groups, such as the surf perches. Viviparity is present in only 3 percent of teleosts, but this clade includes the Gasterosteformes (seahorses and relatives) in which males gestate the eggs on or in their 1

abdomens until hatching. Most of these fishes possess a swim bladder to control their buoyancy. This structure is homologous to the terrestrial vertebrate lung. However, there are exceptions, such as the flatfishes that live on the bottom (benthic). →When else might a swim bladder be a liability due to extreme pressure?

Pay special attention to the physical characters of the specimens in this lab. Note the position of the mouth and shapes of the body and caudal fin. These characteristics will help you determine the habitats and natural history of these fishes. Consider sketching the body, mouth, gill openings and tail shape of each fish in the space to the right of the text for reference.

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2

Lab Specimens

2.1

“Sarcopterygii”: Lobe-finned fish

2.2

Class Sarcopterygii: Subclass Actinistia

2.2.1

Coelacanth

Order

Coelacanthiformes

Sci. Name Latimeria chalumnae Habitat

Marine, deep-water 150-400 m

Range

Comoros Archipelago, northwest of Madagascar

Notes

This “living fossil” was first discovered in 1938 and only about 200 specimens are known. Adults can reach 1.8 m in length.

2.3

Class Sarcopterygii: Subclass Dipnoi

2.3.1

Australian lungfish

Order

Ceratodontiformes

Sci. Name Neoceratodus forsteri Habitat

Freshwater: rivers, quiet backwaters, weedy lagoons

Notes

A monotypic genus. Can be distinguished from other lungfishes by its large scales and paddle-like paired fins. This species is considered endangered in Australia. Adults can reach 2 m in length and live for at least 100 years.

2.3.2 Order

South American lungfish Lepidosireniformes

Sci. Name Lepidosiren paradoxa Habitat

Freshwater: rivers, quiet backwaters, weedy lagoons

Range

Brazil and Paraguay (Amazon and Parana systems)

Notes

A monotypic genus. Can be distinguished from other lungfishes by its short, thread-like paired fins. Juveniles have yellow spots.

2.3.3 Order

Spotted African lungfish Lepidosireniformes

Sci. Name Protopterus dolloi Habitat

Freshwater; slow-moving rivers and ponds

Range

Central and southern Africa (e.g. Zaire)

Notes

Estivates in the wet mud after the water dries up in the African dry season. This species can reach 80 cm in length.

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2.4

“Basal fishes”: Non-teleost actinopterygian fish

2.4.1

Bichir

Order

Polypteriformes

Sci. Name Polypterus palmas Habitat

Freshwater rivers

Range

Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) and Eastern Liberia

Notes

Can supplement gill breathing with lungs in oxygen-poor waters

2.4.2

White sturgeon

Order

Acipenseriformes

Sci. Name Acipenser transmontanus Habitat

Estuaries of large rivers

Range

Pacific coast from Alaska Bay to central California

Notes

Largest freshwater fish in North America (up to 20 ft!)

2.4.3

Shortnose gar

Order

Lepisosteiformes

Sci. Name Lepisosteus platostomus Habitat

Quiet ponds and backwaters of creeks, rivers, lakes, and swamps

Range

Mississippi River basin and Lake Michigan drainage

Notes

common

2.4.4

Bowfin

Order

Amiiformes

Sci. Name Amia calva Habitat

Swamps, sloughs, and pools, and backwaters of lowland streams

Range

Great Lakes, Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico; Atlantic

Notes

Only extant species of family Amiidae

2.5

Teleosts (“bony skeletons”) but not Euteleosts (“true bony skeletons”)

2.5.1 Order

Arawana Osteoglossiformes

Sci. Name Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Habitat

Freshwater

Range

Tropical South America

Notes

Note upturned mouth. Where do you think these organisms snatch prey from? 4

2.5.2

Knifefish

Order

Osteoglossiformes

Sci. Name Chitala chitala Habitat

Freshwater; sometimes brackish water

Range

Pakistan, India to Sumatra and Borneo

Notes

Nocturnal. Gas bladder connected to gut (physostome). Can get up to 5 ft in length

2.5.3

California moray eel

Order

Anguilliformes

Sci. Name Gymnothorax mordax Habitat

Common among rocks; dwells in crevices or holes in shallow water

Range

Point Conception to southern Baja California

Notes

Nocturnal. Unknown life history. Extremely sharp teeth and pharyngeal jaws that can extend into the oral cavity, dragging prey into the esophagus.

2.5.4

Shorthead redhorse

Order

Cypriniformes

Sci. Name Moxostoma macrolepidotum Habitat

Freshwater; most abundant in moderately large rivers over a gravel or rocky bottom

Range

Central and northeastern North America

Notes

Smallest head (relative to body) of the redhorse suckers. The downturned mouth is used to suck up food from sediment, which can lead to rapid bioaccumulation of pollutant particles in this fish.

2.5.5

Stonecat

Order

Siluriformes

Sci. Name Noturus flavus Habitat

Freshwater; in riffle areas of creeks among rocks and boulders

Range

Central and eastern North America

Notes

Has venomous dorsal spine

2.6

Euteleosti: Salmonids, Neoteleosts (“new bony fish”)

2.6.1

Sockeye salmon

Order

Salmoniformes

Sci. Name Oncorhynchus nerka Habitat

Anadromous

Range

Pacific northwest

Notes

Shows considerable sexual dimorphism in appearance and behavior 5

2.6.2 Order

Porcupinefish Tetraodontiformes

Sci. Name Diodon hystrix Habitat

Marine; shallow inshore areas

Range

Worldwide in tropical seas

Notes

Poisonous! should not be eaten. Anteriorly located mouth pulls invertebrates off of rocks while a fused, beaklike tooth row crushes them.

2.6.3

White-spotted boxfish

Order

Tetraodontiformes

Sci. Name Ostracion meleagris Habitat

Marine; associated with coral reefs

Range

Pacific and Indian oceans

Notes

.Males and females differ in colour: males are blackish on the back with white spots, and have bluish sides with bright yellowish bands and spots. Females and juveniles are dark brown to blackish with white spots

2.6.4 Order

Black triggerfish Tetraodontiformes

Sci. Name Melicthys niger Habitat

Marine; open water, shallows and reefs

Range

Worldwide in tropical seas

Notes

To foil predators, triggerfish can erect the first two dorsal spines and wedge themselves into crevasses

2.6.5

California halibut

Order

Pleuronectiformes

Sci. Name Paralichthys californicus Habitat

Marine; usually on sand bottom, near shore to 180 m

Range

Washington to Baja California

Notes

Large, important commercial fish. This particular species is left-eyed, but occasional right-eyed specimens can be found. Lacks a swim bladder.

2.6.6 Order

Kelp bass Perciformes

Sci. Name Paralabrax clathratus Habitat

Marine; usually in or near kelp beds, shallow water to about 150 ft

Range

Pacific Ocean, Columbia River (WA) to Southern Baja California, rare north of Southern CA

Notes

An important sportfish 6

2.6.7 Order

Mudskipper Perciformes

Sci. Name Periophthalmus cantonensis Habitat

Estuaries and mangrove swamps

Range

Northern Australia to New Guinea

Notes

Amphibious fish with pectoral and pelvic fins modified for locomotion on land.

2.6.8 Order

Remora Perciformes

Sci. Name Remora remora Habitat

Marine; usually attached to sharks

Range

Worldwide

Notes

Dorsal fin has modified into a disk-like sucker used for attaching to large sharks and rays.

2.6.9 Order

Garibaldi Perciformes

Sci. Name Hypsypops rubicundus Habitat

Marine; in clear water over rocky bottoms

Range

Central California coast to Baja California

Notes

California state MARINE fish (there is also a state freshwater fish!). Juveniles have blue spots. Mouth adapted for picking prey from rocks.

2.6.10 Order

Senorita Perciformes

Sci. Name Oxyjulis californica Habitat

Marine; coastal, in kelp or near rocks

Range

Northern California to Baja California.

Notes

A cleanerfish with protruding teeth for scraping invertebrates off of kelp and other fish. Kelp bass and bat rays seek out senoritas for grooming.

2.6.11 Order

Monkeyface prickleback Perciformes

Sci. Name Cebidichthys violaceus Habitat

Marine; intertidal in rocky areas

Range

Oregon to Baja California

Notes

One lateral line. Pelvic fins absent

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2.6.12 Order

California scorpionfish (often called “the sculpin”) Scorpaeniformes

Sci. Name Scorpaena guttata Habitat

Marine; rocky areas of bays and along shore

Range

Central California coast to Gulf of California

Notes

Fin spines are venomous!

2.6.13 Order

Blue rockfish Scorpaeniformes

Sci. Name Sebastes mystinus Habitat

Marine; generally over kelp and reefs

Range

British Columbia to Baja California

Notes

One of the few species of rockfishes that school. Often caught by sport fishermen

2.6.14 Order

Woolly sculpin Scorpaeniformes

Sci. Name Clinocottus analis Habitat

Marine; benthic, rocky intertidal

Range

Northern California to Baja California

Notes

Female lays eggs among rocks where they are guarded by the male. Note woolly projections on the body.

2.6.15 Order

Cabezon Scorpaeniformes

Sci. Name Scorpaenichthys marmoratus Habitat

Marine; intertidal to 250 ft

Range

Alaska to Baja California

Notes

An important sportfish. Its eggs are poisonous!

2.6.16 Order

Kelp greenling Scorpaeniformes

Sci. Name Hexagrammus decagrammus Habitat

Bottom dwelling, common in kelp beds

Range

Aleutian Islands to Southern California

Notes

Distinguished by the five lateral lines on each side of the fish; sexually dimorphic

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2.6.17 Order

Plainfin midshipman Batrachoidiformes

Sci. Name Porichthys notatus Habitat

Marine; near surface to 1000 ft, over mud or sandy bottom

Range

Alaska to Baja California

Notes

Photophores form ”V” under lower jaw. Affectionately known as the ”World’s Ugliest Fish”

2.6.18 Order

California grunion Atheriniformes

Sci. Name Leuresthes tenuis Habitat

Marine; inshore to about 100 ft

Range

Pacific coast of North America

Notes

Spawns at night on sand beaches 2-6 nights after the full moon and new moon (stay tuned for news about upcoming grunion ”runs”)

2.6.19 Order

California flyingfish Beloniformes

Sci. Name Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus Habitat

Marine; oceanic, surface dweller

Range

Pacific coast of North America

Notes

Pectoral fin extends past the dorsal fin

2.6.20 Order

Clingfish Gobisociformes

Sci. Name Gobiesox sp. Habitat

Marine; associated with rocks, macroalgae and seagrass

Range

Coastal areas of temperate and tropical waters

Notes

Pelvic fins form a sucking disc. Skin is scale free and can change color to match substrate.

2.6.21 Order

Threespine stickleback Gasterosteiformes

Sci. Name Gasterosteus aculeatus Habitat

Highly variable! Some nearshore marine, some freshwater in shallow vegetated areas, some populations are anadromous

Range

Coastal areas of all northern hemisphere continents

Notes

One of the most variable of vertebrates in terms of habitat preference, lifestyle, and morphology. A favorite of developmental studies. 9

2.6.22 Order

Bay pipefish Gasterosteiformes

Sci. Name Syngnathus leptorhynchus Habitat

Marine; in eelgrass beds in bays and sloughs

Range

Northeastern Pacific, Alaska to Baja California

Notes

Sexually dimorphic; males have brood pouch. Pipefish are typically found vertically anchored in eel grass. The name Syngnathus describes its fused, tubelike jaws.

2.6.23 Order

Pacific seahorse Gasterosteiformes

Sci. Name Hippocampus ingens Habitat

Marine; associated with coral reefs

Range

From coastal Peru to Baja California

Notes

Sexually dimorphic; males have brood pouch. Gasterosteiformes means ”stomach bone” in reference to the dermal plates present on many fish in this order.

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