Lab Exam 1 Summary Notes PDF

Preview

Summary

A summary of the first half of the semester, for the first lab practical...

Description

Lab exam 1. *video is recorded Study lab manual: Types of ?s What organ is this Any word in bold in the lab manual What cell type What ploidy number Antrum and antral fluid Different follicle stages (primary, secondary, immature, mature) Won’t ask if theca interna or externa, just theca in general What process Corpus luteum Corpus albicans Oogenesis Figure 1 = picture of the ovary: what organ? Mouse ovary; regions: cortex and medulla; process: oogenesis; primordial follicles, secondary follicles, immature Graafian follicle, mature GF, primary oocytes; everything is diploid; no corpus luteum bc this is preovulation process Figure 2 = ovary, primordial follicles, primary follicles, primary ooctyle; corpus luteum is present *corpus luteum is present after ovulation occurs Figure 4: ovary, cumulous oophorus, HAPLOID Figure 5: ovary, corpus luteum Spermatogenesis Process: spermatogenesis Spherical cells = spermatids DIPLOID? — once go thru sperminogenesis Become spermatozoa *know which ones are diploid and haploid Figure 7: basement membrane, first layer of cells = spermatogonia, second layer = primary spermatocytes; sertoli cell Know what type of egg (micro/macro/mediolecithal) (sea urchin is micro; frog is medio, chick is macro) Know which eggs have direct (chick) and indirect (sea urchin and frog) development Holoblastic cleavage = frog at 4-8 cell stage; meroblastic cleavage = chick Everything we talk about is indeterminate cleavage and radial cleavage; everything is deuterostomia Unfertilized egg vs zygotę? Unfertilized egg you can see the nucleus, in a zygote you can’t

Be able to count cells to tell if you are looking at the 2/4/8 cell stage, if too many to count you are in morula stage. Blastula stage looks like a hollow ball Epiboly Invagination Gastrula Blastopore Primitive gut forming Bipinnaria stage Brachiolaria stage Pluteus stage

Starfish/sea urchin Figure 11: nucleus, vitelline membrane; know the stages with the pictures; Archenteron = lumen of the gut in humans Frog Mediolecithal egg, holoblastic, be able to count cells again to know which cell *4-8 cell stage is unequal = 4 micromeres (mesoderm and ectoderm) and 4 macromeres (form endoderm = digestive/respiratory systems) Vegetal(macromeres) and animal (micromeres) pole Blastopore (ventral lip = cells below it) (dorsal lip = cells above it) Outermost cells = ectoderm Figure 14: cell stages; micromeres and macromeres, morula = solid ball of cells; blastula is when it hollows out; animal and vegetal poles Chick Egg: yolk, albumen; chalaza (concentrated albumin), shell (calcium carbonate), inner (outside albumen) and outer (just inside shell) shell membrane — you won’t see the inner shell membrane in a boiled egg; macrolecithal, meroblastic cleavage; T sub 0 = incubation time = just got laid; germinal spot aka embryonic shield aka zona/area pellucid = embryo. Air spot allows for gas exchange (*figure 15 in lab manual) 18 hour chick Embryonic shield/germinal spot Yolk around it is the area opaca Blood islands Gastrulation = formation of primitive streak Folds Groove Hensen’s node/primitive not Base of Hensen’s node = primitive pit

Notocordal process Streak Extraembryonic cells Blood islands are at the transition (look like splotchy red)

24 hour chick 2 different types of ectoderm: somatic and nervous Neurulation Neural folds Neural groove Neural tube Dorsal hollow nerve cord (one of the chordate characteristics) Central canal When neurulation occurs the anterior neuropore is open Somites (to determine the age it is 20 + number of somite pairs) *answer will either be 18 or 24, if count 25 or close to 24 just write 24 Mesenchyme = mesoderm that hasn’t differentiated yet, will divide to thicken then will differentiate (sparsely cellular mesodermal cells) undifferentiated Head fold Foregut Splanchnic mesoderm Splanchnopleure Somatic mesoderm (somatophleure) Anterior intestinal portal Midgut No hindgut yet Know the types of mounts (whole, crossection, …) Figure 20: looking at this from the top down; head fold, foregut, anterior intestinal portal, everything below foregut/headfold is midgut (no hindgut); spina bifida aka craniaspifis? can occur if the anterior neuropore doesn’t closed off; result of neurulation = neural tube forms & where it flairs R/L are the neural folds with the groove in the middle; somites; neural plate; presomatic mesoderm; embryonic shield Figure 21: sagital section; ectoderm, neural tube, foregut that is lined by endoderm; mesoderm; midgut Figure 22: cross sections; somatic ectoderm; neural ectoderm; central canal; notochord is the inducer for the whole process; endoderm; foregut; in 22b the lateral folds are in the process of forming; e is the start of process, a is finished product; somites...