Lab exam review questions Answer Key PDF

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lab exam review answer key for the lab final...

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GLGY 202 Lab exam review questions Lab 1 a) List three of Earth’s main carbon reservoirs (3pts) Atmosphere, Ocean (surface and deep), Soil, Biosphere, and/ or Lithosphere b) Draw a basic qualitative model (no numbers for CO2 fluxes) of the Global Carbon Cycle (4pt) - Draws the three major reservoirs listed in part a (1pt) - Appropiate labels (0.5pt) - Correct interactions between reservoirs (1pt) - Title (0.5pt) - Easy to follow (kind of 0.5pt, yes 1pt)

Note: Numbers not required.

c) Assume 40GT of Anthropogenic CO2 is added to the atmosphere each year. If a single tree can absorb 3x10-9 GT of atmospheric CO2 per year and we can plant 1000 trees per hectare (10000 m2), what is the land area in hectares we need to replant per year to reabsorb the emitted annual CO2? (3pts) Number of trees = 40GT/3x10-9 GT (1pt) Number of Hectares = Number trees/1000 (1pt) = (40 / 3x10-9) /1000 ~ 1.3 x 107 hectares (1pt) Lab 2 Match the following manufactured goods (right column) with the mineral and rock resource they are most likely made from (note, more than one answer is possible for some; 4 points): Muscovite Gypsum Granite Quartz Talc Pyrite Halite Limestone

Table salt Kitchen counter Fertilizer Glass Drywall Antacid Tablets Makeup Baby Powder

Lab 3 There are many elements and processes required for the petroleum system to be successful. What are the 4 components necessary to form and preserve a petroleum deposit? Describe each component in detail. Be sure to list the 4 components in the correct order for full marks. (10 pts) 1. Source rock: organic shale which was altered to form hydrocarbon. 2. Reservoir rock: a porous rock which contains open pores/spaces into which previously formed hydrocarbon has migrated. 3. Cap or Seal Rock: an impermeable (impenetrable) rock that does not allow fluids to move through it. Prevents further migration of hydrocarbon. 4. Trap: a configuration of geologic strata that does not allow the hydrocarbon to escape from the reservoir. 4 pts for naming each component. 4 pts for accurate description of each component. 2 pts for correct order of components.

Lab 4 After evaporation, the net annual natural flow of the Bow River is 3.960 billion m3. However, Calgary takes out a significant portion of this amount for various uses. The following table lists how much water is drawn annually from the Bow River annually by the various sectors of Calgary: Sector Agriculture Civic Use Commercial Industrial Oil Industry Other

Volume (m3 x 106) 987 58 24 25 2 26

a) How much water flows in the Bow River every year after Calgary has taken this water out? (1 pt) 1122*106 m3 removed 3960 *106 m3 - 1122*106 m3 = 2838 *106 m3 b) The population of Calgary is expected to increase in the next 30 years, and more water will be needed. Agriculture is expected to increase by 15%, civic use by 10%, commercial by 20%, industrial by 10%, oil industry by 10%, and other is expected to drop 5%. How much water will flow annually in the Bow River in 30 years? (3pts) Volume (m3 x 106)

Ag: 1135 Civic: 63.8 Commercial: 28.8 Industrial: 27.5 Oil: 2.2 Other 24.7 Total: 1282*10^6 m3 3960*10^6 m3 - 1282*10^6 m3 = 2677*10^6 m3 Lab 5 What is the difference between P waves and Love & Rayleigh waves? P waves are body waves and they travel through Earth’s interior, while Love & Rayleigh waves are surface waves. Love & Rayleigh waves are much more violent and destructive than P waves.

Lab 6 On January 23rd, 2018, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake occurred 577 km south of Anchorage, Alaska. Knowing that P-waves travel at approximately 9.35 km/s and the stronger Love waves travel at about 3.75km/s, how long did people in Anchorage, Alaska have between experiencing the p waves and finding shelter before the subsequent Love waves? Show your work. (4 marks) P-wave arrival time = 577 km/(9.35 km/s) = 61.71 seconds Love wave arrival time = 577 km/(3.75 km/s) = 153.866 seconds Time between the p wave and the love wave = 153.866 seconds – 61.71 seconds = 92.156 seconds. Therefore, people in Anchorage, Alaska had just over 90 seconds between the p-waves and the Love waves. Lab 7

Describe the geological conditions of the following areas and cities (1 pt/each). Based on your knowledge, evaluate/predict the potential hazards of the areas and cities, and explain the reasons (10 points). A.

B.

C.

A. Sumatra is a large island that is located entirely in Indonesia. The elevation of the west coast is much higher than the eastern coast. A subduction zone (Bukit Barisan) and the Sumatra Trench exist on the Western side of the island (1 pt for describing the different topography of the two sides). Tsunami is a high-risk hazard (1 pt.). Tectonic subduction activities would cause strong earthquakes and result in tsunami from West to East (1 pt.). Volcanism (1 pt) B. A meandering river flows through the Iowa City, and is surrounded by the urban areas of the city (1 pts). Flooding (1 pt.). C. Western Coast of the Vancouver Island faces the open sea, and the eastern coast is within a strait (1 pt.). The increase of sea level might cause flooding and sea water inversion at the low elevation areas (1 pt.). Earthquakes (1 pt) Tsunamis (1 pt) Potential volcanism

Lab 8

a)

Draw groundwater elevation contour lines using the well data provided.

b)

What might cause this pattern in the contours?

The cone of depression (pumping of the well) Pumping well c)

Draw flow lines starting at the three ‘x’ on the map.

d)

What is the hydraulic gradient between ‘S’ and ‘L’?

Change in elevation: 117 m – 98 m = 19 m Distance: 2.16 km = 2160 m Hydraulic gradient: (19 m/2160 m) = 8.8x10-3

Lab 10

The Anthropocene refers to a proposed epoch to date and describe the period of human impact on the Earth’s geology and ecosystems. It’s obvious that human activities have led to significant alteration on our Earth; therefore, scientists voted to formally designate the epoch “the Anthropocene” and presented the recommendation to the International Geological Congress on 29 August 2016. However, the start date for the Anthropocene is not officially confirmed. The table below summarizes potential start dates/events for making the beginning of the Anthropocene. Which one do you think is more reasonable and can represent the start of Anthropocene more accurately? Briefly state your answer and the rationale of your statement. (10 pts) Table1. Potential start dates/events for the beginning of the Anthropocene Event Megafauna extinction Origin of farming Extensive farming Rice production New-Old World Collision Industrial Revolution Nuclear weapon detonation Persistent industrial chemicals

Date Geographical Extent 50,000 – 10,000 yrs ago Near-global -11,000 yrs ago Southwest Asia, expanding to global 8,000 yrs Eurasian event, global impact -6,500 yrs ago Southeast Asia 1492 – 1800 Eurasia and Americas expanding to global Northwest Europe, 1760 to present expanding to global 1945 to present Local events, global impact

Geologic Marker Fossil megafauna Fossil pollen

1950 to present

SF6 in glacier ice, many other examples

Local events, global impact

CO2 inflection in glacier ice Increase in methane CO2 minimum in glacier ice in 1610 Ash from coal burning Radionuclides (14C) in tree rings

Answer: Students may pick any of the events/time as the beginning of the Anthropocene. 2 pts for choosing an event, 8 pts for a reasonable explanation. Good explanation should be based on the geographical extent and geologic marker....