Lab manual tissues a+p - Online Lab Assignment PDF

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PRE-LAB EXERCISES Open the A&P app, and from the left-side menu, select Cells and Tissue and then choose Chapter 4. Tissues. Use the modules to guide your exploration of the tissue types in the body. Be sure to use the book icon to learn more about the cellular concepts that you are exploring. You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms and all answers to the questions.

A. Explore the 3D anatomical view in Module 4.1 Tissue Types in the Body and answer the following questions.

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1. In the following table, list the four major types of body tissue and provide a general description of each type. Type of body tissue Epithelial Tissue

General description Epithelial tissue is one of the most abundant body tissue, that primarily function to provide protection via making covering on the internal and skin body organs Epithelial tissue creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules.

Connective Tissue

The connective tissue are specific form of body tissue that primarily function to associate or connect the nearby structures and provide them strength in different ways Connective tissue underlies and supports other tissue types.

Muscular Tissue

These involve skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles that have basis function to provide specific motility or movement to different body structures via their unique contraction ability Muscle tissue contracts to initiate movement in the body.

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is most unique in its structure and function, because they composed of longest cells in the body and primarily function to carry or convey the sensory and motor information among the body organs. The brain and spinal cord are two major parts of the nervous system and have the function to control and coordination in the body. Nervous tissue transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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2. What are two types of specialized connective tissue that consist of cells in a fluid matrix (not a ground substance with fibers)? Blood fluid connective tissue

______________________________ Lymph fluid connective tissue

______________________________

B. Explore the 3D anatomical views in Modules 4.2 Epithelial Tissue, 4.6 Connective Tissue, 4.17 Muscle Tissue, and 4.19 Nervous Tissue. Use these modules to answer the following questions about the structure and functions of the four major types of body tissues.

Internal tracts Skin

Glands

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1. First, explore Module 4.2 Epithelial Tissue to learn about the two types of epithelial tissue : epithelial sheets (including skin) and glands. What observations can you make about the unique characteristics of epithelial sheets and glands? Characteristics of sheet Epithelia: They appear as continuous sheet of cells that cover the surface of the body. Epithelial sheets are attached to basement membrane that acts as sites of attachment and as a selective barrier. These cells also tend to show polarity and do not possess their own blood supply so termed as avascular. Sheets rely on diffusion for exchange of nutrients like O2 and metabolites. They communicate via cell-cell junctions called gap junctions that allow cells to communicate with adjacent cells. Epithelial Glands appear as collection of organised secretory epithelial cells formed during development by proliferation of epithelial cells underlying the connective tissue. These organs retain their communication via a duct sytem and are celled exocrine glands while those that lose this direct duct system are known as endocrine glands. These glands secrete various macromolecules like hormones.

2. Next, explore Module 4.6 Connective Tissue to learn about the four types of connective tissue, which have wildly different material properties. In the following table, provide examples of the different types of connective tissue.

Bone Cartilage

Lymph

Blood

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Type of connective tissue Loose connective tissue

Examples areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue

Dense connective tissue

Tendons and Ligaments

Special connective tissue (fibrous matrix)

Bone, Cartilage

Special connective tissue (fluid matrix)

Blood and Lymph

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3. Then, explore Module 4.17 Muscle Tissue to learn about the three types of muscle tissue . Describe where you would find each type of muscle tissue in the body. Skeletal muscle is found between bones, uses tendons to connect epimysium to periosteum, or

______________________________________________________________________________________ Cardiac Muscle is only found in your heart

______________________________________________________________________________________ Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach.

______________________________________________________________________________________

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

4. Finally, explore Module 4.19 Nervous Tissue to learn about the two types of cells that compose nervous tissue. What are these types of cells, and what are their functions? Neurons are highly specialized nerve cells that generate

___________________________________________________ Neuroglia are supporting cells that provide physical

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IN-LAB EXERCISES Use the following modules in Visible Body’s Anatomy & Physiology app to guide your exploration of body tissues. Be sure to select the book icon under the structure names to learn more about the structures you are exploring. You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms and all answers to the questions. Go to the Cells and Tissue unit and select Chapter 4. Tissues.

A. Epithelial Tissue 1. Explore the 3D anatomical view in Module 4.2 Epithelial Tissue for an overview of where epithelial sheets and glands can be found in the body. Then, open the illustration slideshow in Module 4.3 Types of Epithelial Tissue, examine Slide 1 – Simple and Stratified Epithelium, and answer the following questions about the different types of epithelial sheets.

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simpe stratified

Simple squamous

Stratified squamous cells are of flat shape but has many layers

flat single layered cells appears like pavement

Simple cuboidal single layer of cube like cells

Simple columnar single layer of cells that are column shape - long

Pseudostratified columnar has single layer of cells but appears as many layered due to the different positions of nuclei (at different heights) in the columnar cell

Stratified cuboidal cube like cells that are arranged in many layers

Stratified columnar column like cells that are arranged in many layers

Transitional this type has many layered cells that can increase and decrease in size depending on the stress applied on them

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2. Explore the illustration slideshows in Modules 4.4 Simple Epithelium and 4.5 Stratified Epithelium. In each module, examine the first slide to learn about where the eight types of simple and stratified epithelium can be found in the body. Then, use the dots under the image to examine a series of histology micrographs and learn about how each type’s structure facilitates its function. Use these modules to answer the following questions.

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a. In the following spaces, list the four types of simple epithelium and give an example of where each type can be found in the body. i. Simple Squamous: Air sacs of the lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

ii. Simple Cuboidal: In ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

iii. Simple Columnar: Ciliated tissues including the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; smooth (nonciliated tissues) are in the digestive tract bladder

iv. Pseudostratified: Ciliated tissue lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract

b. In the following spaces, list the four types of stratified epithelium and give an example of where each type can be found in the body. i. Stratified Squamous: Lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

ii. Stratified Cuboidal: Sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands

iii. Stratified Columnar: The male urethra and the ducts of some glands.

iv. Transitional Epithelium: Lines the bladder, urethra and ureters

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3. Open the illustration slideshow in Module 4.3 Types of Epithelial Tissue, select the second dot under the image to examine Slide 2 – Exocrine and Endocrine Glands, and then answer the following questions about the different types of glands.

endocrine glands

a. ______________________________ secrete hormones into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine glands

______________________________ secrete substances into ducts and onto the skin or the lumen of a hollow organ.

b. Goblet cells and mammary glands are both exocrine glands—how are they similar and how are they different? They are both exocrine glands, and that most mammory glands are multicellular, whereas goblet cells are just the individual cell. They can be found in the epithelial lining of organs, like the respiratory tracts.

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B. Connective Tissue 1. Explore the 3D anatomical views in Modules 4.6 Connective Tissue and 4.7 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose to get an overview of connective tissue and learn about where loose connective tissue can be found in the body. Then, explore the illustration slideshow in Module 4.8 Types of Loose Connective Tissue, using the dots under the image to examine a series of histology micrographs and learn about how the structure of areolar tissue , adipose tissue , and reticular tissue facilitates their functions. Use these modules to answer the following questions.

Cartilage

Lymph

Tendon

Bone

Ligament

Blood

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Areolar tissue

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

a. Loose connective tissue contains cells that are interspersed in an extracellular matrix that is woven collagen

characterized by its loosely arranged ______________________________ and abundant elastic fibers

______________________________.

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b. In the following table, describe the types of cells and the extracellular matrix of each type of loose connective tissue. Type of loose connective tissue

Cells

Extracellular matrix

Areolar tissue

fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells

Fibers and ground substances

Adipose tissue

fat cells, Fibroblasts, preadipocytes, vascular smooth muscle

It does not have a real matrix, it has only a few fibers

Reticular tissue

Leukocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts

Reticular Cells, Reticular Fibers

c. The micrographs of areolar and adipose tissue both show cells (fibroblasts and adipocytes), but the density of cells in the two tissues is very different. What do you think causes this difference? Because there is a lot of empty space in adipose tissue, hence the density difference

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2. Explore the 3D anatomical view in Module 4.9 Connective Tissue Proper: Dense to learn about where dense connective tissue can be found in the body. Then, explore the illustration slideshow in Module 4.10 Types of Dense Connective Tissue, using the dots under the image to examine a series of histology micrographs and learn about how the structure of dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue facilitates their functions. Use these modules to answer the following questions.

a. Unlike loose connective tissue, which has loosely arranged fibers, dense connective tissue has tightly packed fibers. How does this structure affect how the tissue responds to forces and tension? Because of the collagen that is in dense connective tissue, the molecule helps resists tension and force.

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b. In the following table, describe the types of cells and the extracellular matrix fibers that are present in each type of dense connective tissue.

Type of dense connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

Types of cells

Extracellular matrix fibers

The fibers are mainly composed of type I collagen. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells

Ground Substances and Fibers

Collagen Fibers

It contains collagen fibres and fibroblasts.

c. How does the arrangement of fibers differ in the two types of dense connective tissue? Dense connective tissue proper is richer in fibers and may be regular, with fibers oriented in parallel as in ligaments and tendons, or irregular, with fibers oriented in several directions.

d. Dense regular connective tissue forms tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia. Dense irregular connective tissue forms the reticular dermis, digestive tract submucosa, and organ and joint capsules. How does the arrangement of fibers in dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue determine the capacity for each tissue to withstand tension? It depends on the density and the direction of both the regular and irregular tissues are in. regular connective tissue fibers are parallel to each other, enhancing tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber orientations. Ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular connective tissue. In dense irregular connective tissue, the direction of fibers is random.

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3. Explore the 3D anatomical views in Modules 4.11 Special Connective Tissue: Bone and Cartilage and 4.13 Cartilage to learn about where bone and cartilage can be found in the body. Next, examine the illustration in Module 4.12 Bone Tissue to learn about the composition and functions of compact bone and spongy bone . Then, explore the illustration slideshow in Module 4.14 Cartilage Histology, using the dots under the image to examine a series of histology micrographs and learn about how the structure of hyaline cartilage , elastic cartilage , and fibrocartilage facilitates their functions. Use these modules to answer the following questions.

Cartilage

Bone

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a. In the following table, describe the types of cells and the nature of the extracellular matrix that compose bone and cartilage. Type of connective tissue Bone tissue

Cartilage tissue

Cells

Extracellular matrix

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor

hydroxyapatite, osteoid

chondrocytes

Ground substances that is rich in proteoglycan and elastin fibers.

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b. In the following table, describe the extracellular matrix of each type of cartilage and where it can be found in the body. Type of cartilage

Extracellular matrix

Body location

proteoglycans such as aggrecan, and structural glycoproteins such as chondronectin

Hyaline cartilage exists on the ventral ends of ribs, in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and on the articulating surfaces of bones.

Elastic cartilage

chondrocytes

Epiglattis, pinnae

Fibrocartilage

Elastic fibers

soft tissue-to-bone attachments, pubic symphysis, the anulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, menisci

Hyaline cartilage

4. Explore the 3D anatomical view in Module 4.15 Special Connective Tissue: Blood and Lymph to learn about the structure of blood and lymph and where blood and lymphatic vessels can be found in the body. Then, examine the illustration in Module 4.16 Blood to learn about the composition and functions of blood. Use these modules to answer the following questions.

Lymph

Blood

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a. In the following table, describe the types of cells and the nature of the extracellular matrix that compose blood and lymph. Type of connective tissue Blood

Lymph

Cells

Extracellular matrix

White and Red blood cells, platelets

Plasma

lyphocytes

Extracellular Fluid

b. What are six critical functions of blood? i. Blood transports O2 and CO2 (gases) ii. Transports nutrients and hormones, immune defense iii. Regulates body temperature iv. forming blood clots v. Transports waste vi. maintain pH, homeostasis, maintains water content 21

C. Muscle Tissue 1. Explore the 3D anatomical view in Module 4.17 Muscle Tissue, examine the illustration in Module 4.18 Types of Muscle Tissue, and then answer the following questions about the structure and functions of skeletal muscle , smooth muscle , and cardiac muscle .

Skeletal muscle

Bone

Smooth muscle

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a. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue are made up of cells that can contract and relax, but each type of muscle tissue has a unique appearance and type of stimulation. In the following table, provide a general description of each type of muscle tissue that includes its location in the body, cellular appearance, and the type of command that stimulates its contraction.

Type of muscle tissue

Body location and function

Cellular appearance

Type of command

Skeletal Muscle

skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have a striated appearance. it is found in between bones

Skeletal muscles are long and cylindrical in appearance; when viewed under a microscope, skeletal muscle tissue has a striped or striated appearance.

voluntary

Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach. Help push food throughout your body

cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations

involuntary

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in your heart, where it performs coordinated contractions that allow your heart to pump blood through your circulatory system.

The regular organization of involuntary myofibrils into sarcomeres gives cardiac muscle cells a striped or striated appearance when looked at through a microscope, similar to skeletal muscle.

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D. Nervous Tissue 1. Explore the 3D anatomical view in Module 4.19 Nervous Tissue, examine the illustration in Module 4.20 Neuron Structure, and then answer the following questions about the structure and functions of neurons and neuroglia.

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a. Neurons can only pass signals in a single direction. In the following illustration, label the axon, axon terminal, cell body, and dendrites. Then, number the labeled structures (1–4) to reflect the path a signal takes through the neuron.

Dendrites

Cell body 2

Axon termina

Axon 3

b. Neurons conduct electrical signals along their axons in one direction. What structure do some neurons have that increases conduction speed? Myelin acts as an insulator that prevents current from leaving the axon; this increas...